Besides the Hell company and Siemens-Halske, there have been other manufacturers of teleprinter machines that use the Hellschreiber principle. Presented below are the ones that I am aware of. Some manufacturers may have filled the void caused by interruption during WW2 of exports from Germany to countries outside the German/Axis influence sphere, and it taking 2-3 years after WW2 for war-torn German companies to resume production.

• [L.M.T. (France)]
• [Teletype (USA)]
• [EMA (Switzerland)]
• [P.T.W (Austria).]
• [RFT (East Germany)]
• [TTK/Sony (Japan)]
• [Toho Denki K.K. (Japan)]
• [RCA (USA)]
• [FIApT (Italy)]
• [US Signal Corps]
• [GRETAG (Switzerland)]
• [FACIT (Sweden)]
• [Thomson (France)]
• [US Secret Service]
• [British portable "Telewriter"]
• [British General Post Office]
• [British Y-Service]
• [Creed (UK)]
• [British "Daily Express"]
• [References]

By January 2019 this page had grown to 250 photos and diagrams. It had become rather large (ca. 24 MB download size), which caused long download times for some users. I decided to group the manufacturers listed above into two separate pages of roughly equal size: one for manufacturers in the UK (five of those listed above), and one for the rest of the world. This should be almost transparent to you. Please use the (unchanged!) list of manufacturers above to get to them, and update your bookmarks - if necessary.

©2004-2023 F. Dörenberg, unless stated otherwise. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this publication may be used without permission from the author.

Latest page update: April 2023 (added ref .7Z)

Previous updates: Agust 2022 (added ref. 7Y); 8 October 2021 (added ref. 7X); April 2021 (modified Fig. J1 and text, added Fig. J10 and text); 17 November 2020 (added ref. 44U & 44V about TP-3 printer); October 2019 (uploaded ref. 7V about the NVA/RTF Feld-Hell, updated associated text and added fig. E14); 16 September 2019 (added ref. 7W).

LE MATÉRIEL TÉLÉPHONIQUE (L.M.T.)

The French company Le Matériel Téléphonque (L.M.T.) was created in 1889 by G. Aboilard & Cie., who in 1900 became a licensee for telephone patents of the American Western Electric Company (WECo). WECo was a wholly owned subsidiary of American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T).

Figure A1: 1933 L.M.T. advertising

Ca. 1920, L.M.T. became a subsidiary of the American International Telephone & Telegraph (I.T.T) group, that was created by the Puerto Rico Telephone Company (Ricotelco) in 1920. From 1922 through 1925, ITT acquired all overseas subsidiaries of Western Electric, and a number of European telephone companies through its subsidiary C. Lorenz AG in Germany. This included Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd (STC) in Britain, Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL) in Germany, Bell Telephone Manufacturing (BTM) in Belgium, and Compagnie Générale de Constructions Téléphoniques (CGCT) in France. L.M.T-ITT was acquired by Thomson-CSF in 1976, by Alcatel-CIT in 1985, Nokia in 1987, and Semi-Tech in 1996. In 1925, L.M.T. moved from Paris to nearby Boulogne-Billancourt, on the banks of the river Seine. They co-developed the national PTT public telephone network, in which they introduced the rotary exchange switch (originally a Western Electric product). They also provided private exchanges to large companies such as Renault and EDF (the French national electrical power company). In 1937 they built and installed a very high-power transmitter on top of the Eiffel tower. During the 1930s they also made radio sets, car radios TV sets, vacuum tubes/valves (under license; incl. thyratrons), and arc lights (also under license).

Figure A2: The L.M.T. labs in Paris

In the mid-1930s, the R&D labs of L.M.T. developed a 7-tone teleprinter system. Like the Hellschreiber system, it is based on transmitting pixel stream that are printed in real-time, without encoding. The L.M.T. system uses a character font that comprises 7 rows of 10 pixels (max, excluding space between characters).

Figure A3: Some examples of the LMT 7-line font

(source: Figure 1 in ref. 1A, 1B, Fig. 2 in ref. 1F)

For a standard 46 character alphabet (letters, numbers, punctuation marks), the font consisted of 39 different elemental row-patterns of 10 pixels each:

Figure A4: The 39 elemental line patterns

(source: Figure 2 in ref. 1A, 1B, Fig. 2 in ref. 1F)

Of these 39 patterns, several are the combination of two other such patters. E.g., pattern 16 is the combination of pattern 2 and 7. This allowed the number of required elemental line patterns to be reduced to 23. Hence only these 23 were "programmed" into memory, in the form of 23 continuously turning notched disks (cam wheels) - just like what had already been common practice for years in Hellschreiber-senders of the Siemens-Halske company.

Figure A5: Notched-disks are the mechanical memories of the 23 pixel line-patterns

(source: Fig. 3 in ref. 1F)

The rows are transmitted and printed simultaneously, like the original Hellschreibers with electrochemical and carbon-ribbon printers. Effectively, this means that there are seven character-line transmitters, that translate the character selected via a keyboard into seven pulse sequences. This is done by keying seven separate tone oscillators: 600-2040 Hz with 240 Hz spacing. The tones are "normally on", so keying of the tones is actually "off-on", rather than the standard "on-off". That is, the row-tone is turned off for black pixels (p. 24 in ref. 1B).

The receiver electronics comprises seven parallel narrow bandpass filters, each followed by a dedicated rectifier/detector. Unlike the Hellschreiber with its helix printer, there are seven individually actuated printer "pins" (needle, stylus), each actuated by a separate solenoids (electro-magnet) and associated driver tube. Printing is done onto paper tape, with a carbon-paper ribbon between the paper tape and the styluses. Obviously the resulting equipment is rather complex.

Figure A6: Principle of the 7-frequency L.M.T. printer

(source: Fig. 297 in ref. 1E)

The L.M.T. keyboard sender is also a rather complicated device. This is driven by the fact that the font was reduced to 23 elemental line-patterns, and a complex electro-mechanical "sequencer/re-combiner" (including a 1-character deep buffer between the keyboard and the character generator) was required to generate the 7 simultaneous pixel streams.

Figure A7: Keyboard sender (without the 7 tone oscillators)

(source: Fig. 3 in ref. 1A, 1B; click here to get full size)

The photos below show that the equipment was impressive in size. Note that the equivalent Siemens-Halske equipment was no bigger than the keyboard-unit and printer-unit attached to the large cabinets in these photos!

Figure A8: The L.M.T. sender/printer unit (left) and receiver/printer unit (right)

(source: Fig. 11 & 12 in ref. 1A, 1B; note that the printer uses carbon tape instead of an inked felt roller)

Transmission is 5 characters per second. That is, 200 msec per character. Each character-line comprises at most 10 pixels. Hence, the shortest pulse is 20 msec, and the telegraphy speed is 50 Baud (25 Hz pixel rate). The system uses start-stop synchronization. A start-pulse is generated by temporarily suppressing the "normally on" tones of lines 1, 3, 5, and 7. Audio bandwidth is well over 2000 Hz, as the highest tone frequency is 2040 Hz.

TELETYPE CORPORATION

Ernst Eduard Kleinschmidt, born in 1875 in Bremen/Germany, emigrated to the USA in 1883. At that time, his name was changed to Ernest Edward. During the period 1910-1920 he as well as Charles and Howard Krum developed major aspects of a new type of electromechanical printing telegraph: the start-stop teleprinter ("Springschreiber"). It had a start-stop mechanism that was an improvement of the one invented in France by Goyot d'Arlincourt (1869), combined with the multiplex system invented by Donald Murray in New Zealand in 1901. The trademarked product name "Teletype" was first applied to one of their machine models in 1921. A patent battle ensued between Kleinschmidt Electric Company and the Morkrum Company. The latter was founded in 1906 by Joy Morton and Charles & Howard Krum for the purpose of developing printing telegraph systems. The battle resulting in merger of the two companies into the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Company in 1924/25. The company name was simplified to Teletype Corporation in 1928. Ref. 2A-2D. Teletype became a subsidiary of the Western Electric Company (the manufacturing arm of AT&T) in 1930. In 1982, the Teletype Corporation became AT&T Teletype, when Western Electric was fully absorbed into AT&T as part of a settlement between the US Department of Justice and AT&T.

In 1930 (about a year and a half after Rudolf Hell filed his principal patent), Kleinschmidt filed a rather long patent (37 pages) in the USA for a "Facsimile printing telegraph system and apparatus":

Patent number	Patent office	Year	Inventor(s)	Patent owner(s)	Title (original)
2046328	US	1930	E.E. & E.F. Kleinschmidt	Teletype Corp.	Facsimile printing telegraph system and apparatus

This is a two-fold patent. One part proposes a method for optically scanning a text message that is written, typed, or printed on a segment of tape. The pulses from the scanner are transmitted to a device that uses those pulses to directly reproduce the original message on sensitized paper, photographic film, or by chemical means. The printer creates two identical lines of text, one above the other. The second part proposes the a Hellschreiber sender and printer. A sender that reads the message from a punch tape that is prepared with a standard keyboard perforator. The sender comprises a stack of notched "code disks". One disk for each character in the character set. The proposed character field has 18 columns of 25 pixels. The bottom three rows and the first three columns are left blank for character spacing. A "3-pixel rule" is applied (compared to Hell's "2-pixel rule"): black and white line-segments have a length of at least three pixels. Printing is done with a multi-start spindle onto paper tape, with a carbon tape or ink ribbon between the paper tape and the spindle. An electromagnet actuates the knife-edge hammer of the printer. The motor has a speed governor based on a tuning-fork.

Figure B1: Elements of Kleinschmidt's facsimile printing telegraph

(source: US patent 2046328)

Kleinschmidt is behind the late 1930s development of Teletype Corp.'s Model 17 teleprinter. Ref. 2E-2T. Based on its characteristics, it should be fully compatible with the ubiquitous Siemens Hell-Feldfernschreiber that entered military service in Germany in 1935. Model 17 transmits from a 5-bit punch tape.

• The sender has a character-drum ("distributor") comprising a stack of 55 notched disks ("code disks"), one disk for each character of the character set (letters, figures, punctuation marks). Two different sets of disks were available:
• 7-line characters (5x7 pattern - like the military Feld-Hell)
• 12-line characters (9x12 pattern - like the original "Presse Hell" for news agencies)
• Shortest pulse of ca. 4 msec (4.08 msec in the Feld-Hell)
• Transmission rate of 122.5 Bd (same as the Feld-hell)
• The tone frequency is 1000 Hz (vs. 900 Hz of the Feld-Hell - but that does not prevent complete interoperability).
• Printer mechanism with a large-diameter 2-turn spindle ("scanning wheel"), a knife-edge hammer, and a felt ink roller.
• Prints on paper tape: standard ¾ inch (19 mm) ticker tape paper (vs. the Feld-Hell's 15 mm wide tape).
• Its motor runs at 1800 rpm (vs. 3600 rpm in the Feld-Hell - but that is just a design choice). The motor is a 1/40 HP (25 watt) synchronous 110 volt / 50 Hz (!) AC-motor from GE
• Paper tape transport is automatically stopped if no signal is received for about 10 sec. The sender transmits a motor-start pulse at the beginning of each message.

Figure B2: The sender of Teletype Model 17 - front view (ca. 1945)

(source: The Henry Ford Collection; used in accordance with Creative Commons license BY-NC-ND)

Figure B3: The sender of Teletype Model 17 - rear view (ca. 1945)

(source: The Henry Ford Collection; used in accordance with Creative Commons license BY-NC-ND)

Figure B4: The printer of Teletype Model 17 (1938)

(source: ref. 2E)

Figure B5: The printer & sender of Teletype Model 17 with a keyboard perforator on an SXT-1 table (1937)

(source: ref. 2E)

FABRIK FÜR ELEKRISCHE MESS-APPARATE (EMA)

The Swiss company Fabrik für Electrische Mess-Apparate A.-G. (EMA) was founded in 1945. As the name suggests, their primary products were measurement instruments for voltage, current, power factor, resistance, and grounding. In November of 1947, the company moved to the small town of Meilen, a little over 10 km (6 mi) to the south-east of Zürich, on the north-shore of Lake Zürich (Zürisee to the locals). The company ceased its operations in 1988. These days, there still exists at least one (new) company named EMA in Meilen (Engineering für Mikrotechnologie + Antriebstechnik GmbH), but they are not related.

EMA built four Hellschreiber printer models, from late 1945 through the early 1950s: HSG2, HS125, HPr3 and HPr4. War-torn companies Siemens and Hell did not resume operations until ca. 1948, so their was a market opportunity for other companies to service the large Hellschreiber user-base.

One of EMA's major Hellschreiber-customers was the Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB, Swiss Railway Co.). EMA Hell-printers were also used by the Sportinformation sports news agency in Zürich (a subsidiary of the Swiss general news agency Schweizerische Depeschenagentur, SDA), Agence Cosmographique (a Swiss financial & commercial news agency), and the Swiss P.T.T. in Bern. Ref. 5C. EMA Hell-printers were also acquired by the Dutch P.T.T. and the Dutch news agency ANP (ref. 3A-3P, 5A-5W), as well as the Dutch newspaper De Waarheid (ref. 3M)

EMA also built and marketed at least one model Hell-sender, early 1949. The development of this punch-tape sender was apparently difficult, due to lack of cooperation by Siemens in Germany and RADIAR S.A.I. in Rome/Italy. Ref. 5K. The Dutch news agency ANP successfully tested an EMA Hell-sender at transmitter facilities of the Dutch P.T.T. in April of 1949. The Dutch P.T.T. was, however, dissatisfied by the fact that (unlike Siemens Hell-senders), the EMA senders cannot send figures/numbers. EMA's response: Reuters only sends numbers written out in full. In May of 1949, EMA proposed to ANP/P.T.T. to include a lever mechanism, to interrupt the punch-tape transport, to simplify the insertion of such tape. Ref. 5S.

Figure C1: Hell-message from EMA to the ANP news agency, announcing the EMA Hell-sender ("EMA Geber")

(February 1949, ref. 5K)

Figure C2: Label on EMA Hell-printer model HSG2 , serial nr. 113

EMA Hell-Schreiber HSG2 was designed late 1945 (ref. 6A). I do not know what the "G" in "HSG" stands for, or whether an HSG1 was ever produced. HSG2 had the following characteristics and interfaces (ref. 6A, 6B):

• Two pairs of "Input" jacks on the front panel, for audio from a radio receiver. Selectable on the front panel are 4 kΩ and 800 Ω inputs. The inputs are transformer-coupled. The 4 kΩ input is for connecting to a standard high-impedance headphone output of a radio. The 800 ohm input is for connecting to a standard 600 Ω phone line.
• This suggests a mismatch, but keep in mind that a "600 Ω" phone line only has a 600 Ω impedance at one single frequency: around 1300-1400 Hz. I.e., only in the center of the voice-passband. At the standard Hellschreiber tone-frequency of 900 Hz, a "600 Ω" phone line actually has an impedance of 800 Ω.
• Required audio input power: about 100 mW.
• Tone filter: selectable for 900 Hz, 1500 Hz, and Off.
• "Headphones" output jacks on the front panel, for connecting a headset.
• Printing speed: 2.5 characters per sec.
• Paper tape: width 15 mm.
• Felt ink roller, with an inside diameter of 16 mm.
• Mains switch / volume control.
• Power: selectable 110/125/145/220 volt AC; the "Pilot Light" indicates if the unit is powered on.
• AC-motor with centrifugal speed governor.
• "Speed Regulator" knob: adjusts the position of the electrical contacts of the speed governor.
• "Start/Autom./stop" switch: to turn the motor on/off manually, and enable remote on/off control with a long tone pulse at the beginning and end of message (as in the Siemens-Hell "Presse Hell" machines).
• Paper tape speed: 44 cm/min.

This printer is fully compatible with the 1935-1945 Siemens Hell-Feldfernschreiber.

This model has three vacuum tubes/valves: an EF13 pentode (pre-amplifier), an AL4 pentode (printer-magnet driver amplifier) and an AZ1 (power-supply rectifier). Ref. 6A.

Figure C3: Front-view of EMA Hell-printer model HSG2, serial nr. 113

(original HSG2 photos: courtesy Heinz Blumberg, DC4GL, 2011)

Figure C4: Top-view of EMA Hell-printer model HSG2, serial nr. 113

The photo above shows four shielded transformers marked "GELOSO". This was an Italian company, founded in 1931 by John Geloso in Milan. It manufactured electronic components, as well as radio receivers and transmitters (including military), TV and audio equipment.

Figure C5: Bottom-view of the chassis of EMA Hell-printer model HSG2, serial nr. 113

Figure C6: Rear-view of the chassis of EMA Hell-printer model HSG2, serial nr. 113

(center: disk of centrifugal motor speed control, far right: motor on/off relay)

Figure C7: Motor (below the capacitor block) and disk of the centrifugal speed regulator

Figure C8: Printer-solenoid of EMA Hell-printer model HSG2, serial nr. 113

EMA Hellschreiber HS-125 was designed in 1947 (ref. 6C). It is a simplified version of the HSG2. HS-125 had the following characteristics and interfaces (ref. 6C, 6D, 6E):

• Four input jacks on the rear panel, for inputting the audio signal from the primary or secondary side of the radio receiver's output transformer (10 kΩ and 5 Ω respectively), or to a standard 600 Ω phone line.
• Tone filter: selectable for 900 Hz, 1500 Hz, and Off.
• "Headphones" output jacks on the front panel, for connecting a headset - to verify the audio signal from the radio receiver.
• "Writing Control" knob - to adjust the gap between the printer-spindle and the knife-edge hammer of the printer-magnet.
• "Volume Control" - to adjust the current through the printer-magnet.
• A neon lamp illuminates when the unit is powered up, and blinks in the rhythm of the received tone pulses.
• AC-motor with centrifugal speed governor.
• "Speed Regulator" knob: adjusts the position of the electrical contacts of the speed governor.
• Printer speed adjustable from 2-5 characters/sec.
• "Start" & "Stop" pushbuttons - to manually turn the motor on/off.
• "Automatic On/Off" - to enable turning the machine on/off via remote control with a long tone pulse at the beginning and end of message (as in the Siemens-Hell "Presse Hell" machines).
• Paper consumption 1 m per minute at 5 chars/sec.
• Power: selectable 110/125/145/220/250 volt AC, 65 watt (30 watt on stand-by).
• Size: 39x22x27 cm (LxWxD; ≈15.4x8.7x10.6 inch).
• Weight 14 kg (31 lbs).
• Cabinet: dark-brown oakwood.

The HS-125 is compatible with the 1935-1945 Siemens Hell-Feldfernschreiber and the 1933 & 1940 Siemens "Presse Hell" models.

As on model HSG2, the legends on the front and rear are in English. The unit only has two vacuum tubes/valves: an AZ1 dual-diode rectifier in the power supply, and an EBL21 in the amplifier. The EBL21 is a rare dual-diode audio-output pentode. Ref. 6D.

Figure C9: EMA Hell-Printer Type 125

(source: ref. 6D)

Figure C10: Front-panel of the EMA Hell-Printer Type 125, serial nr. 63

(original HS125 photos: courtesy Remmelt-Jan Warries, PAØRJW, SK)

Figure C11: Top-view of the EMA Hell-Printer Type 125, serial nr. 63

Figure C12: Bottom-view of the EMA Hell-Printer Type 125, serial nr. 63

Figure C13: Connections on the rear of EMA Hell-Printer Type 125, serial nr. 63

The Dutch news agency ANP and the Dutch P.T.T. encountered major design and quality problems with this EMA model, and actually tried (unsuccessfully) to return the 21 purchased units to EMA. EMA itself also announced some problems.

• Excessive friction in the bearings of the Swiss-built motors, affecting a batch of printers, and requiring refurbishment ("product recall"). Ref. 5A.
• Radio receiver gain plus printer amplifier gain is considered insufficient for weak signals, esp. on shortwave. An additional amplifier stage must be built into the HS-125 printers. Ref. 5E, 5F, 5G.
• After 10-12 hours of operation, the speed has drifted so much, that the speed regulator could no longer compensate. Ref. 5F.
• Burned-out 110/125/145/220/250 volt transformer. Ref. 5O, 5T.
• Ink-roller shaft has too much friction and rollers often do not turn freely. Ref. 5G.
• Printer often needs to run 15 minutes after power-up, before it prints properly. Ref. 5G.
• One brand new printer ran too slowly; ANP had to disassemble, reassemble and adjust the speed regulator. Ref. 5O.
• One brand new unit did not work at all: several resistors were detached. Ref. 5O.

A chronological summary from ANP's point of view is provided in ref. 5H. Ref. 5J shows several pages of print-outs of a Reuters newscast, that were made by ANP on 10-January-1949 with an HS-125 printer.

General conclusion from ANP and P.T.T: these machines are less reliable than Siemens printers, and should not be operated for extended periods. OK for intermittent operation, each time after 10 minutes running before using. Ref. 5L states that the HS-125 units that were upgraded by EMA with a second amplifier stage, performed satisfactorily.

According to EMA advertising, Hell-Printer HPr3 was "primarily designed for use in the diplomatic service" (ref. 6F, 6G). The main characteristics and interfaces are:

• Input jacks on the rear panel, for inputting the audio signal from the primary or secondary side of the radio receiver's output transformer (7 kΩ and 7 Ω respectively), or to a standard 600 Ω phone line (700 Ω).
• Required audio input power ("sensitivity"): 6 volt (!) at 7kΩ - unclear if this is volt peak, peak-peak, or rms. Anyway, it confirms the reported insensitivity.
• No volume control - audio signal volume has to be adjusted at the radio receiver!
• No tone filter.
• Printer speed is 5 chars/sec.
• "Start" & "Stop" pushbuttons - to manually turn the motor on/off.
• Optional: automatic motor start-stop, for remote control.
• Paper speed 1 m/minute.
• Power: 110-250 volt / 50 Hz / ca. 60 W.
• Size: 28x20x12 cm (WxHxD; ≈11x8x4.7 inch).
• Weight ca. 8 kg (17.5 lbs)

The unit has two vacuum tubes/valves. Like the HS-125, it has a single-stage amplifier with an EBL21 dual-diode audio-output pentode (deemed insufficient by the Dutch P.T.T. and news agency ANP, as discussed above for the HS-125). The rectifier diode in the power supply is an AZ21 rather than an AZ1. The photo below shows that the EBL21 is readily accessible at the top right-hand corner of the unit (partially hidden by the roll of paper tape). This suggests that the EBL21 was not particularly reliable, and needed frequent replacement, hence easy access.

Figure C14: EMA Hell-printer model HPr3

(source: ref. 6F, 6G)

According to EMA advertising, Hell-Printer HPr4 was "particularly suitable for commercial use" (ref. 6F, 6G). The main characteristics and interfaces are:

• Input jacks on the rear panel, for inputting the audio signal from the primary or secondary side of the radio receiver's output transformer (10 kΩ and 5 Ω respectively), or to a standard 600 Ω phone line.
• Required audio input power ("sensitivity"): 20 mV at 600 Ω - much better than the HS-125 and HPr3 !
• Volume control.
• A neon lamp illuminates when the unit is powered up, and blinks in the rhythm of the received tone pulses.
• Tone filter: 900 Hz (400 Hz bandwidth) / Off.
• Printer speed is 5 chars/sec.
• "Start" & "Stop" pushbuttons - to manually turn the motor on/off.
• Automatic motor start-stop, for remote control.
• Paper speed 1 m/minute.
• Power: 110-250 volt / 50 Hz / ca. 60 W.
• Size: 36x23x15 cm (WxHxD; ≈14x9x6 inch).
• Weight ca. 12 kg (126.4lbs).

Like the HSG2, but unlike the original HS-125 and the HPr3, the HPr4 has three vacuum tubes/valves. The two-stage amplifier comprises two Philips 18040 pentodes. The photo below shows that these two tubes are readily accessible at the top of the unit (above the roll of paper tape).

Figure C15: EMA Hell-printer model HPr4

(source: ref. 6F, 6G)

The photo below shows HPr4, serial number 5219. Note: this does not mean that over 5000 units were built: the first digit(s) of the serial number often indicated the version or modification status. Compared to the unit shown above, it has an additional headphone output at the top of the front-panel, and what appears to be a push button at the top right-hand corner:

Figure C16: HPr4 VARIATION, SLIGHT headphone jacks at front, different paper tape roll holder

(original photo: courtesy Miklós, HA5CMB, used with permission)

This printer can be seen in action in the video clip below:

As mentioned above, customers of EMA included the Dutch news agency ANP (Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau) and the Dutch P.T.T. Early 2015, I located archived correspondence between these three parties in the National Archives of The Netherlands in The Hague. I visited the Archives in August of 2015, and copied about 75 documents. A number of them include price quotations and invoices (ref. 3A-3P), including taxes, import duties (12-30%!), and shipment. I have summarized this is the table below. I have added my estimates of what the equivalent prices would be in today's money (2015), based on historic statistics on general inflation ("buying power") and exchange rates. Note that inflation for specific industrial products such as telecommunications equipment, does not necessarily track that general "consumer price index" inflation.

Figure C17: Pricing of EMA Hellschreiber printer models, parts, and accessories

(source of Swiss inflation data: fxtop.com)

The estimated equivalent equipment prices in 2015 may seem excessive. However, when considering what the original 1946-1951 prices were, in terms of average salaries at the time, they may not be all that unrealistic... As a reference, in 1950, the average gross income in The Netherlands was DFL 3030, and an average car cost DFL 5000 (only 1 in 75 people owned a car). Ref. 4A, 4B. Source for historic DFL to Euro conversion data: Internationaal instituut voor sociale geschiedenis. Source historic Euro inflation rates: global-rates.com.

POST- UND TELEGRAPHEN WERKSTÄTTE (P.T.W.)

The Post- und Telegraphen Werkstätte (P.T.W., factory of the P.T.T) in Salzburg/Austria built at least one type of Hellschreiber printer: model HS1.

It prints at the same speed as the Siemens-Halske T empf 14 "Presse Hell" (5 characters/sec), The printer mechanism and associated levers are also the standard Siemens-Halske items, so it may have been built under license. The unit measures 21x38x14 cm (HxWxD, ≈8¼x15x5½"). Shown below are the machines with serial number 319, 323, and 331. I also have a photo on file of number 328. I.e., so far only serial numbers 3xx. It is unknown exactly in which period they were built - most likely shortly after WW2.

Figure D1: Front-view of HS1 Hellschreiber serial nr. 331

(original photos of serial no. 331: courtesy H. Blumberg (DC4GL), used with permission)

The photo above shows that the HS1 has a standard Siemens-Hell printer module. Note: the blank metal sheet to which to printer module is fixed, is original!

Figure D2: Front-view of HS1 Hellschreiber serial nr. 331 - roll of paper tape removed

(round cover-plate to the right of the printer: access to one of the carbon brushes of the generator)

Figure D3: Rear-view of HS1 Hellschreiber serial nr. 331

(round cover plates: access to one of the carbon brushes of the generator, and a grease point of the gear box; top right-hand: operating voltage selector)

A very interesting design aspect of the HS1 Hell-printer, is that is constructed around the motor-generator of the Siemens Hell-Feldfernschreiber ("Feld-Hell") of WW2! Contrary to the Feld-Hell machine, here the motor-generator is installed horizontally! The top of the motor (which is the manual speed adjustment cap) sticks out of the right-hand side of the HS1:

Figure D4: The manual speed adjustment cap of the Feld-Hell motor-generator protrudes from the right hand side of the HS1

All documented machines of this model have a small removable cover plate in the lower right hand corner of the front, see Figures D1, D2, and D4. This small plate only provides visual access to the scale of the motor speed adjustment (see the far right side of the photo below). There is a corresponding cover plate on the back of the housing, see Fig. D3.

Figure D5: Front-view of HS1 serial nr. 331 - housing removed; horizontal installation of the Feld-Hell motor is clearly visible

(this particular HS1 has a Feld-Hell motor-generator that was built in 1941)

Figure D6: Top-view of HS1 serial nr. 331 - housing removed

This 12 Volt motor is powered by a 110/125/150/220 to 12 Volt transformer, followed by a bridge rectifier. The metal rectifier consists of 4+4 large disks, that are either selenium or copper-oxide rectifiers. A single selenium rectifier has a reverse voltage of ca. 20 volt (hence 4x20 = 80 volt), compared to ca. 6 volt for cuprous oxide (hence 4x6 = 24 volt). So, most likely, they are the latter. There is no filtering capacitor for the 12 VDC. The centrifugal speed regulator of the Feld-Hell motor has two centrifugally actuated contacts: one for nominal speed, one for overspeed. In the HSI1, it appears that the overspeed contact is not used, and the nominal speed contact is simply hard-wired to 12 VDC.

In the Feld-Hellschreiber, the generator part of the motor-generator provides the anode voltage for the Feld-Hell's four tubes (valves). In the HS1 Hellschreiber, there are no tubes, so there is no need for an anode voltage source. This also means that an external Hell printer-amplifier must be used, as is the case with all Siemens "Presse Hell" printers. For some reason, the carbon brushes of the generator are easily accessible from the outside of the HS1 housing...

Figure D7: Rear-view of HS1 serial nr. 331 - housing removed

The photo above and below clearly show that the gearbox is also "borrowed" from the Feld-Hellschreiber! The gearbox includes a notched disk (lower right-hand in photos below). It is used in the Feld-Hell when transmitting the special "pause" character. The HS1 does not have an integrated keyboard-sender, so the notched wheel serves no purpose (other than retaining the shaft of the paper tape transport).

Figure D8: The gear box of the HS1 (left) is the same as the one in the Siemens Hell-Feldfernschreiber (right)

There is an additional gear stage between the Feld-Hell motor and the Feld-Hell gearbox. It has a capped grease point (see photo below). The printer is set up for the speed of the "Presse Hell" system: 5 characters/sec. This is twice the speed of the Feld-Hell, so a 1:2 gear stage is required between Feld-Hell motor and the gear box.

Figure D9: Intermediate gear stage with a grease point (cap removed)

Figure D10: P.T.W. Hellschreiber type "HS1" - serial number 319

(original photo courtesy Oberst i.R. J. Prikowitsch (OE1PQ), curator of the Museum der Fernmeldetruppenschule (Army Signals School) in Vienna/Austria)

Figure D11: P.T.W. Hellschreiber type "HS1" - serial number 323

(original photo courtesy Oberst i.R. J. Prikowitsch (OE1PQ))

RUNDFUNK- UND FERNMELDE-TECHNIK (RFT)

Ca. 1952, a Hellschreiber was developed in the German (not-so) Democratic Republic (frmr. "East Germany"). It went into service with the Kasernierte Volks Polizei (KVP - Barracked People's Police) in 1954/55. The KVP was established in 1952 and was the predecessor to the Nationale Volks Armee (NVA - National People's Army, 1956-1990). This Hellschreiber was decommissioned towards the end of the 1950s, during standardization of communications equipment in the Warsaw Pact countries. Ref. 7A, 7B.

The Hellschreiber is referred to as Abtast-Fernschreiber (ATF, lit. "scanning teleprinter"), probably so as to avoid using the Hellschreiber name that was associated with the war-time Wehrmacht. The term "Abtastfernschreiber" was actually not new: Hellschreibers were referred to as "Abtast-Telegrafen" at least as early as 1940 (ref. 7C).

The ATF was manufactured by Rundfunk- und Fernmelde-Technik (RFT, Radio & Telecommunications Technology). RFT was a collective of electronic equipment and component manufacturers that had ended up in Soviet-occupied "East Germany" at the end of WW2. It was founded in 1946, and continued in the Democratic Republic (GDR/DDR, established 1949). Ref. 7D.

Not counting experimental prototypes, there are two basic versions of the ATF. Based on labels on the machines, they are:

• ATF-00001
• FSS.002-0001, simply referred to as "ATF-Schreiber" by KVP/NVA instructors and operators, and as "Feldfernschreiber" in the official military documents (ref. 7E, 7F, 7V).

The ATF was made for field operation, in combination with an FF 53 field telephone and Morse telegraphy key, over telephone "land" lines and via radio. The units also include a telegraphy relay, for direct-keying of a CW transmitter (or DC-pulse telegraphy).

The ATF was directly based on Siemens-Hell Feld-Fernschreiber ("Fed-Hell") technology. One of the surviving ATF model FSS.002 machines actually has a motor built by the Hell company. No doubt "procured" in the facilities of the Hell company in Berlin, that were abandoned at the end of World War 2. Knowledgeable staff of the Hell company must also have been available in the area.

The ATF are actually start-stop Hellschreibers, just like the Siemens-Hell models of the early/mid-1950s: the T typ 39/40/44 (printer-only), and T typ 72/73 (keyboard sender + printer). All these start-stop Hellschreibers use a start-pulse that is embedded in the (normally blank) first column of the characters of the Feld-Hell font. To send a start-pulse, the character-drum of the Hell-sender must be expanded. The Siemens-Hell start-stop senders have a character-drum that consists of a stack of notched disks. Here, the start-pulse is simply generated with an additional notch on the shaft of the drum. The ATF Hellschreibers used the same type of character-drum as the Hell Feldfernschreiber: a smooth drum with a ring of conductive metal patches for each character. In this case, a patch must be added at the beginning of each ring. This can be implemented as a conductive strip across the entire drum.

The photo below shows the evolution of the character-drum, from the Hell Feldfernschreiber to the ATF. From top to bottom:

• Standard Siemens Feld-Hell, model T typ 58.
• Siemens Feld-Hell, expanded with a start-pulse.
• EXperimental prototype ATF, the XATF.
• ATF model FFS-002.

Figure E1: Evolution of the character-drum, from Feld-Hell to ATF

The second character-drum in the photo above was probably used as a "proof of concept" prototype for the ATFs. It belongs to a factory-new Hell Feldfernschreiber with such a modified character drum that re-emerged in Berlin during the early 1990s. The professionally modified Feld-Hell drum has a flush metal strip across it. The width of the strip corresponds to a start-pulse with a duration of 4 pixels (out of a 14-pixel column), i.e., about 16 msec. The Feld-Hell drum is 20.4 cm long, with a diameter of 49.5 mm (8x2 inch), and 41 character-rings. Unlike the synchronous Feld-Hell and "Presse-Hell" systems, a start-stop system requires a "space" character. So there is an additional modification to this character drum and the associated keyboard: the "?" has been re-labeled "Zw" for "Zwischenzeichen" ( = "space"). Most likely, the white pixels of the corresponding ring of the character-drum (3^rd ring from the right) would also have had to be removed, e.g., by lacquering them over.

Figure E2: The modified keyboard and character drum

The third drum belonged to an eXperimental prototype ATF, the XATF. It has a length of 23.6 cm and a diameter of 2.9 cm. This drum is the only surviving part of an XATF machine, besides a few components marked "XATF" in the regular ATFs. On the outside, the XATFs were identical to the FSS.002 ATFs. Obviously, the drum and associated mechanisms were different (ref. 7G). The XATF may have been model FSS.001. The fourth drum in the photo shows the ATF drum. It measures 23.6 by 3.95 cm and has 45 character-rings. It is narrower and longer than the 41-character Feld-Hell drum.

The photo below shows that the start-pulse strip of the XATF is interrupted for the last character - the "pause" character. This character was only used in the Siemens Feld-Hell, and was used to occupy a phone line and during motor speed adjustments between two Feld-Hell stations. With start-stop operation, this speed coordination is actually not necessary. Also, the ATF machines have a stroboscopic ring mounted on the motor shaft. It enables visual adjustment of the motor speed, with the aid of a tuning fork. I.e., without needing another station.

Figure E3: Character-drum of the XATF - no start-pulse for the pause character

The peeling black lacquer on the above XATF-drum reveals an all-metal drum cylinder underneath. The non-conductive lacquer is used for the "white" pixels of the font. This construction is different from the (heavy!) Feld-Hell drums that consist of a stack of notched disks with a hard insulating filler between the notches. The pixel-pattern on the XATF and ATF drums may have been made with a photo-chemical process. The photo above suggests that the cylinder was metal-plated. The metal patches of the Feld-Hell drum were nickel-plated, for durability and corrosion protection.

The basic characteristics of the ATF Hellschreibers are (ref. 7B):

• Tone frequency: 900 Hz (same as the Siemens Feld-Hell)
• Font:
• Standard Hell-font.
• 5 font-columns of 14 pixels
• Hell's 2-pixel rule is applied (minimum black and white pixel-pulse duration = 2 pixels).
• 1 preamble column of 14 pixels, with a 9-pixel start-pulse.
• 2 blank postamble columns of 14 pixels each (actually 28.5 pixels total).
• Telegraphy speed:
• 4 characters/sec = 250 msec per character (vs. 2.5 char/sec of the Siemens Feld-Hell, and 5 chars/sec of the Siemens "Presse Hell").
• Single pixel duration = 250 msec / (14 + 98 + 28.5 pixels) = 2.222 msec.
• Shortest pulse duration = 2 pixels = 4.444 msec.
• Telegraphy speed = 1000 / 4.4444 = 225 Baud.
• Power: 12 volt DC.
• As the ATFs are start-stop Hellschreibers, only a single line of text is printed.

PC-software is available here for sending to characters to an ATF machine.

The ATF-0001 was developed for the KVP in 1952. Only 2 units are known to still exist (2013): one in the Military History Museum of the German Armed Forces in Dresden, and one in the collection of the University of Applied Sciences in Mittweida (50 km west of Dresden).

Figure E4: Label of ATF model ATF-00001 with serial number 51

Figure E5: Cover of the ATF carrying case - wood panels with metal edges

Figure E6: The ATF machine - the printer (to the left of the keyboard) has a cover to reduce printing noise

Figure E7: Front of the amplifier & interface module of the ATF-0001

The controls on the front of the panel are (left-to-right): toggle-switches for "Empfang/Senden" (transmit/receive), and "Motor Ein/Aus" (motor on/off), two rotary switches for selection of "Schreiben/Sprechen/Morsen" (teleprinter/phone/"Morse" telegraphy), and "Aus/Bereit/Ein" (off/standby/on), and a potentiometer for "Verstärkung" (amplifier gain). When the middle rotary power-switch is in the "Bereit" (standby) position, only heater voltage is supplied to the tubes, and the green signal light is on. This is exactly the same as the main switch and red signal light of the Hell Feldfernschreiber. A one-page condensed operating manual is provided in ref. 7H.

Figure E8: Rear of the amplifier & interface module of the ATF, with a "Zerhacker" (vibrator power "chopper") at the center

Figure E9: Top of the amplifier & interface module of the ATF - the three tubes were of type RV12P2000

Figure E10: Character-drum and motor of the ATF-0001

(note the stroboscopic ring attached to the motor shaft, for checking and adjusting the motor speed with a 170 Hz tuning fork)

The ATF machines have a stroboscopic ring mounted on the motor shaft, see photo above. It enables visual adjustment of the motor speed, with the aid of a tuning fork. I.e., without communication with another ATF machine. The motor speed is checked by tapping the tuning fork to bring it to resonance. The vibrating fork is then held across the stroboscopic ring of the spinning motor. If the correct number of strobe spots is visible between the teeth of the fork, then the speed is correct. ATF-0001 used a 170 Hz fork, whereas ATF model FSS.002 used a 125 Hz fork. The adjusted motor speed was kept constant with a centrifugal regulator (like the Feld-Hell machines). A small tuning fork could also have been used to adjust the motor speed automatically (ref. 7J). However, this would have made the very simple electronics of the ATFs (ref. 7K) significantly more complicated.

Figure E11: There is a 150:1 down-gearing between the motor and the gearbox of the printer-spindle and paper-tape transport.

Figure E12: Hellschreiber printer module of the ATF-0001

Figure E13: Label of ATF model FFS.002-00001 with serial number 12275 and 12320

The ATF model FSS-002.001 was built in 1954/55. The NVA operated these machines until ca. 1958. Only 11 machines are known to still exist (2013). Five of them have been accessed: serial numbers 8009, 8018, 12232, 12275, and 12320. Two of these have been returned to a fully operational state. Machines with serial numbers in the "80" series may have been the first production series (XATF machines). Based on the serial numbers, it is estimated that at least 400 XATF and ATF machines were built.

Figure E14: ATF Hellschreiber model FFS.002-00001

The printer-keyboard unit is hinged into the case, and can be folded up into it. Below the printer module (lower left-hand corner in the photo above), there is a curved window in which the stroboscopic ring on a drive shaft is visible. It is used for checking the motor speed with a 125 Hz tuning fork. The tip of each fork-prong has a slotted sheet-metal (see Fig. E15 below). The speed is adjusted with a potentiometer to the right of the window. Note the tuning fork on the back wall of the carrying case, between the amplifier module and the cover of the compartment for the paper tape roll. The motor actually also has a stroboscopic ring on its shaft (see photo below). A spare "Zerhacker" is stored just above and to the right of the tuning fork. There is a lever below the printer module, for selecting Hellschreiber vs. Morse telegraphy operation.

Figure E15: The 125 Hz tuning fork (with slotted prong-tips) and the strobe disk with four black & white segments

(source: ref. 7V)

Basic characteristics of the FFS.002 are (ref. 7V):

• Transmission speed: 4 char/sec.
• Printed characters measure 2.5 x 4.5 mm (WxH) and are spaced by 3 mm. Ink: "Tusche" (English: "India ink", a.k.a., "Indian ink", "China Ink").
• Font: 7x7 matrix, of which 5x5 pixels used. Start-pulse is in the first pixel column.
• The character set includes the standard Siemens-Hell "E"-like pause symbol. When activated, it is sent once every six characters at 4 char/sec ≈ once every 1.5 sec. In the Siemens feld-Hell, it is sent once every four characters at 2.5 char/sec ≈ once every 1.6 sec.
• Audio input impedance:
• Operation via phone line: 800 ohm (i.e., standard impedance of a standard 600 ohm telephone line at 900 Hz).
• Operation via loudspeaker output of a radio: 4000 ohm.
• Minimum required audio signal input level: -24.3 dB at 800 ohm.
• Audio signal output level: 7-10.4 dB at 800 ohm.
• Tone frequency: 900 Hz ±3%.
• Audio filter: 900 Hz center frequency, bandpass ±450 Hz (900 Hz total).
• Maximum allowed line loss: 34.7 dB.
• Transmission via a CW transmitter: generated tone pulses are rectified and used to drive a built-in keying relay.
• Tubes: 2x 6SH7, 1x 6SI7.
• Motor: 12 Vdc, 45-50 watt, 3750 rpm ±1.5%, centrifugal regulator.
• Electrical power: 10.8-13 Vdc. Standard battery: 12 NC 67 (NiCad, 12 volt, 67 Ah).
• Anode voltage: 220-250 Vdc (generated from 12 Vdc with electromechanical "chopper" DC-DC converter "Wechselgleichrichter").
• Power consumption: 0.6 A (standby) ,1.4 A (operating), 4-5 A (operating with motor).
• Carrying case size: 43.6x51x18 cm (WxHxD, ≈17x20x7 inch). Material: "Panzerholz" (metal-clad wood), painted olive green.
• Weight: ≈28 kg (62 lbs).
• Utilisation: for teleprinter communication at Regiment level and above.

Figure E16: The printer/keyboard/drum unit of ATF FFS.002 Hellschreiber

(source original photo: Heinz Blumberg (DC4GL); used with permission)

The photo below shows the printer module of the ATF FFS.002. Note the large diameter of the printer spindle (helix). Also note the plastic "Umdruckrolle" ink-transfer roller between the spindle and the felt ink-roller. Allegedly, its purpose is to reduce wear on the felt ink roller. Rudolf Hell (with Hans Daudt) patented a similar ink transfer method in 1955 (US patent 2843670); it used a rubber band between the felt ink roller and the printer spindle.

Figure E17: Close-up of the ATF FFS.002 printer

Shown below is a print-out of a fictitious message, made with an ATF FFS.002. As with the Feld-Hell and "Presse Hell" prints, they were cut up into segments and glued onto telegram forms (ref. 7L). The paper tape is 9.5 mm wide (same as Siemens-Halske start-stop Hell machines).

Figure E18: Print-out from an ATF FSS.002 Hellschreiber

Here is a 20 sec video clip that I made of this printer in action:

The control & interfaces module is located at the top of the carrying case. On the front panel, there are controls for selection of "Empfang/Sendung/Leitung" (receive/transmit/phone-line), "Tonsieb Ein/Aus" (tone filter on/off), and "Betrieb/Bereit/Aus" (on/standby/off). Unlike the ATF-00001, there is no potentiometer for manual adjustment of the audio input volume. There is a volt meter for checking the 12 volt power and the anode voltage of the tubes/valves (just like in the Siemens Feld-Hellschreiber). There are jacks for a telephone and a headset. There are 2-wire binding posts for a telephone, "Morse" telegraphy key, the contacts of a telegraphy relay for keying a CW-transmitter, and a phone line.

Figure E19: Front of the amplifier/interface module of the ATF FFS.002 Hellschreiber

Figure E20: Top of the amplifier/interface module of the ATF FFS.002 Hellschreiber

The photo above shows the top of the ATF's amplifier and interface module. There are two sets of three tubes visible. The three in the back are secured in place with a bracket. These are the active tubes. There is no bracket for the three tubes in the middle. This is a set of spare tubes. The photo below shows that they are not wired. The two rectangular silver-grey metal boxes at the far left are telegraphy relays of type Rls 0373. 001. 51218. The one on the right is a spare, and is not wired.

Figure E21: Bottom of the amplifier/interface module of the ATF FFS.002 Hellschreiber

The sockets for the spare tubes are at the center of the photo above shows. Clearly, they are not wired. At the bottom right is the full-wave bridge rectifier of the tone-pulse detector, comprising four Siemens "Sirutor" diodes.

Figure E22: Keyboard and character-drum module of the ATF FFS.002 Hellschreiber

Figure E23: The character drum of the ATF FSS-002 Hellschreiber

(original photo: Heinz Blumberg (DC4GL), used with permission)

Figure E24: The 7x14 Hell-font of the ATF Hellschreiber

(9-pixel start-pulse in the first column)

Note: the bit-map patterns in Fig. E23 above are based on the actual character drum in Fig. E22. However, ref. 7V suggests that the start-pulse starts at the very bottom of the first pixel column. The character set includes the "E"-like pause character of the Siemens-Hell Feldfernschreiber.

The nominal motor speed of the ATF is 3750 rpm. Some of the motors in ATF machines were actually produced before the end of the war by the Hell company in Berlin. Later, "East German" motors were used, built by "VEB Elektromotorenwerk Hartha" in Hartha, about 50 km west of Dresden. The original Hartha company "Alfred Oemig und Co., A.G.", was founded in 1922 by the merchant Sander and cigar manufacturer Oemig, as a factory for small electric motors. In October of 1946, the company was confiscated by the Soviet occupation authorities. The factory was almost completely dismantled and shipped to Russia. In 1948, the Oemig-company became state-owned, and resumed operation as "VEB Elektromotorenwerk Hartha".

Figure E25: Labels on motors of two ATF FSS-002 Hellschreibers

The three tubes in the amplifier & interface module of the ATF are for the pre-amplifier, final amplifier (printer solenoid driver), and tone oscillator. The tubes are standard American "metal can" pentodes: two of type 6SH7, one of type 6SJ7. Original American tubes were used, as well as "East-German" copies from the "Werk für Fernmeldewesen". This company was originally founded in July of 1945 as "Labor-Konstruktions-Versuchswerk Oberspree" (LKVO), an engineering company founded by the Soviet occupation authorities. It was housed in the (confiscated) AEG-Telefunken tube factory Röhrenfabrik Oberspree (RFO) on the Spree river in Berlin-Oberschöneweide. Mid-1946 LKVO was renamed to "Oberspreewerk" (logo: OSW) and changed to a Soviet corporation. In 1951 it was renamed to "Werk für Fernmeldewesen", and tubes were stamped with the logo "HF" (as in the photo below). In 1953/54 it was absorbed into the RFT conglomerate. Tubes were stamped with the logo "WF" starting in 1955. In 1960 it changed to "VEB Werk für Fernsehelektronik, and retained the "WF" logo.

Figure E26: Tubes in the ATF FSS.002 Hellschreiber: 2x 6SH7 and 1x 6SJ7

Figure E27: VEB "Werk für Fernmeldewesen" HF in Berlin- Oberschöneweide,

(source photo: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-57649-0002; 1958)

Unlike in the Hell Feldfernschreiber, the 150 volt DC anode voltage for the tubes is not supplied by a motor-driven generator, but with a "Zerhacker" (12 Volt model 1188.001 – 10174 (Typ 51)). This is an electromechanical vibrator "chopper" for DC-DC conversion (ref. 7M-7R, 7W, 7X, 7Z).

Figure E28: An EMB "Zerhacker"

The manufacturer of these Zerhacker was the VEB Elektro-Mechanik of Berlin-Pankow (EMB). Ref. 7Y. This company made a variety of other products, such as sirens, Geiger-counters, power supplies, electric and electronic demonstration models for schools (frmr. products of the company Erwin Pahl KG (DEPA), and electric heaters ("DDR Heitzgerät").

Figure E29: Some components in the ATF machines are marked "XATF"

The ATF was used with transceivers such as the "FK 1a", and later the "FK 5". Ref. 7A, 7F. The "FK 1a" is a portable low-power HF transceiver set: 0.3 W AM, 1.2 W CW. It covered the frequency range 1475-5025 kHz in two bands. Ref. 7S. The set was built by C. Lorenz A.G. in Leipzig-Plagwitz. It was used by the KVP from 1952 to 1956, and from 1956 to 1970 by the youth organization GST (Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik) for training of radio operators.

Figure E30: "Funkstation FK 1a" transceiver + battery unit and ATF FSS-002 Hellschreiber in field operation

(source photo right: ref. 7B)

Figure E31: ATF FSS-002 Hellschreibers in a KVP class room

(source: ref. 7T)

My 3D/stereoscopic photos of the ATF-Hellschreiber are here.

TOKYO TSUSHIN KOGYO (TTK / SONY)

Around 1947, Nobutoshi Kihara, an engineer at Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo ("Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corp.", renamed Sony Corp. in 1958) reverse-engineered the Hellschreiber. It was referred to by its generic designator "tape facsimile equipment", rather than Hellschreiber. Ref. 8A. The company only manufactured and sold a handful of these machines (10-20) in 1949, before it was discontinued due to other technological advances and pursuits.

Figure F1: The TTK Hellschreiber

The photo above was added to the TTK/Sony corporate archive with the following caption:

Photo and information: courtesy of Mr. Fumiko Okudera, Planning & Archive Group, Sony Corp., Tokyo.

TOHO DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA (TDKK)

Chinese and Japanese have written languages that are based on thousands of pictographic characters. Obviously it is inconvenient to enter such characters with a keyboard (ref. 9A). However, the Hell printer system has no problem with such characters. Also, the character-scanning concept of the Hell system has no problem with such characters. Rather than using a "keyboard plus character-memory", a character-entry system can be used that optically scans hand-written text. Examples of this are the ZETFAX of the Hell company, the RCA Tapefax, and the RC-58B system of the US Army (WWII).

Figure G1: Hellcast in Chinese: "... was appointed as government official of the Republic of China [ = Taiwan]"

(source: ref. 9B)

Figure G2: Hellcast in Chinese: "The destination is important. The maintenance manual shall be visible"

(source: ref. 9C)

Figure G3: Hellcast in Chinese - recorded from a Beijing station on 14040 kHz (late 1970s/early 1980s)

(source: Fig. 11.1.f in ref. 9E, courtesy RSGB; used with permission)

The Toho Denki Kabushiki Kaisha company (Eastern Electric Ltd.) in Japan made Hellschreiber systems for the Japanese and Chinese markets (ref. 9B). Their machines were used by Chinese news and meteorological services, and Japanese news services. Shown below is a Hellschreiber printer built by Toho Denki. It has a 110 VAC motor, made by Bodine of Chicago/USA. It has a two-stage amplifier.

Figure G4: A Hellschreiber built by Toho Denki K.K.

(source: Steve Pazar (W6SPP); used with permission)

Figure G5: The label of the above TDK Hellschreiber printer

The label reads (top to bottom, line 1-5, lit. translation):

• "TDK-type tape character transmission apparatus"
• "Receiving machine unit"
• "Production number 154"
• "Showa era, 26^th year, 10^th month" (i.e., October 1951)
• "Toho Denki Kabushiki Kaisha"

Toho Denki K.K. was a fax equipment manufacturer, and became part of Matsushita Graphic Communication Systems Inc. in 1962. Note: this TDK is not to be confused with the TDK company that is known for its magnetic materials products (incl. magnetic tape).

Figure G6: advertising

(source: ref. 9D)

Figure G7: 1968 TDK fax machine model LDI-3

(source: National Science Technology Museum, Taiwan)

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA (RCA)

During the late 1930s, RCA also developed some tape facsimile machines (ref. 10A-10D). The printers used a "rotating spiral", per the Hellschreiber-principle. This was probably under license from Siemens-Hell (ref. 10A). On the sending side, text was typed on a paper tape and subsequently optically scanned with 60 scanning strokes per second (60 Hz / 110 volt AC synchronous motor). The same method can, of course, be used for scanning and transmitting handwritten text. RCA also conducted experiments between aircraft and a ground station (ref. 10C).

Figure H1: Principle of the RCA tape facsimile scanner

(source: adapted from Fig. 2 in ref. 10C)

RCA investigated three ways to deal with asynchrony between the motor of the scanner/sender and of the receiver/printer:

• The standard "quasi synchronous" Hellschreiber solution: a two-turn printer spindle, printing two identical parallel lines.
• Connection to a common AC power-grid (basically limited to "same building" or "same city block").
• The use of a synchronization pulse at the end of each scanned line, i.e., in the margin of the scanned paper tape. Hence, RCA refers to those pulses as "marginal pulses".

The RCA printers were regular Hellschreiber printers. RCA experimented with carbon paper, typewriter ribbon, colored paper with white wax coating and a heated stylus (kymograph, stylograph; ref. 10E). They eventually settled on a soft inking roller, just like the Hell company had done about a decade earlier...

Figure H2: Samples of non-synchronous & synchronous tape facsimile recordings, and a transition between the two

(source: Fig. 1 & 13 in ref. 10C)

The printers had the following characteristics:

• Printer helix:
• 2 windings (two lines of text), total stroke 1/4 inch (6.35 mm).
• 60 rps (3600 rpm).
• Tape: standard ticker tape (width = 3/8 inch, 9.5 mm).
• Height of each printed text line: 1/8 inch (3.2 mm).
• Tape speed: 40 inch/min (1 m/min).
• Scanning resolution:
• 90 lines per inch (lpi) of input tape.
• 16 pixels across the full width of the input tape, 10 pixels for the height of the characters on the input tape.
• Telegraphy speed: 60 words per minute (5 characters/sec, same as Siemens-Hell "Presse Hell").
• Keying frequency ("Punktfrequenz"): 480 Hz, hence a "necessary bandwidth" of 3x480 = 1440 Hz.
• Single motor for helix and paper feed.

Figure H3: Early RCA portable tape facsimile recorder (operated on 12 volt DC) and a later desktop model

(source: Fig. 2 in ref. 10B and Fig. 3 in ref. 10C = Fig.4 in ref. 10D)

As illustrated by the schematic below, the associated sync-pulse recovery and motor-drive circuitry was not simple, and required a motor with an additional commutator. Going through the schematic from left to right, we see a standard transformer-coupled input and a pre-amplifier tube with volume control. This is followed by a full-wave rectifier tube and a limiter-amplifier tube, for squaring the received sine-wave signals. Unlike the standard single driver-amplifier tube for the printer solenoid, there are two tubes in a push-pull configuration. The same pulses that are used to actuate the printer solenoid, are fed to the special commutator on the shaft of the printer spindle. The numbers of commutator bars is determined by the nominal rpm of the motor and the number of starts of the printer spindle. RCA used a 6-start spindle: the spindle has six separate threads that are shifted by 360°/6 = 60°. The bars of the commutator are aligned with the six starts. The end of each spindle-thread corresponds to the "marginal pulse" of a single scanned column. The motor speed has to be adjusted until the received marginal pulses and the commutator bars coincide. I.e., until the motors of the sender/scanner and receiver/printer are iso-synchronous: same speed and same phase. RCA refers to this as "synchronizing" and "framing". The output pulses from the commutator are fed to the control-grid of an oscillator with a nominal frequency of 60 Hz. The actual frequency varies with difference between the frequency of the received "marginal pulses" and of the commutator pulses. The oscillator signal is amplified in two stages, and then a push-pull amplifier drives the synchronous motor. Note that the "marginal pulses" method was also used in the airborne bearing-printer of the "Bernhard/Bernhardine" radio-navigation system of the Luftwaffe in WW2.

Figure H4: RCA tape-fax printer amplifier, including dynatron oscillator and motor-drive amplifier

(source: Fig. 12 in ref. 10C)

FABBRICA ITALIANA APPARATI PER TELECOMUNICAZIONI (FIApT)

In 1944, Reuters news agency in London (originally Reuter's Telegram Company Ltd, after its German founder Paul Reuter) ordered 50 Hellschreiber printers from the FIApT company located at Via Ausonio 3 in Milan/Italy: the "Fabbrica Italiana Apparati per Telecomunicazioni" [Italian Factory for Telecom Equipment]. Ref.  11A. To date, I have not been able to trace this company. Note: FIApT is not be confused with the FIAT automobile company from Turin (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino). The Hell-printer is FIApT teleprinter model R-46.

Figure J1: FIApT label on printer with serial-number 17 and Reuter inventory label on rear of printer with serial-number 24

(source Reuter label: adapted from eBay article nr. 164838074606, April of 2021)

Figure J2: Front view of FIApT Hellschreiber-printer model R-46 with serial number 17

(this printer is in the collection of the Science Museum in London, inventory nr. 1974-190, photos with permission)

There are four controls on front: a toggle switch for mains power, a toggle switch for turning the motor on/off, a potentiometer for audio volume ( = gain of the audio amplifier in the tone-pulse detector circuit), and a mechanical speed adjustment knob.

The input for the audio input from a radio receiver is located at the bottom of the left-hand side:

Figure J3: Left-hand view of the FIApT printer

Figure J4: Right-hand view of the FIApT printer

There are two voltage selectors located at the bottom of the right-hand side of the unit:

Figure J5: Voltage selectors on the right-hand side of the FIApT printer - here set to "10" and "230"

The top view of the unit shows the mains AC power transformer (for motor voltage as well as filament and anode voltage of the tubes), the motor and adjustable belt-drive for the printer spindle, and three radio tubes (valves). Per ref. 11A, the tubes are of type 5Y3 (full-wave rectifier), 6K7 (pentode), and 6V6 ( = VT-107; power pentode). However, in his particular machine, there is a 6X5GT tube (dual-diode full-wave rectifier) on the left and a metal-can VT-87 (heptode) on the far right. I do not know what type the third tube is. All of these are tube types from the USA and were introduced in the mid-1930s.

Figure J6: Top view of the FIApT printer - cover removed

The speed adjustment for the printer spindle is completely mechanical. The photo above and below show two "meshed fingers" gear wheels, made of brass. One gear wheel is mounted on the motor shaft. The amount of mesh can be adjusted during production and maintenance, but not during normal operation. Hence, this gear wheel has a fixed diameter. A second such gear wheel is mounted on the spindle shaft. A belt transfers the motor speed to this second gear wheel. Its "fingers" that point to the rear of the machine are fixed onto the actual spindle shaft. The fingers that point to the front of the machine are mounted an a shaft that can be moved forward (towards the front of the machine) and backward by turning the "Speed" knob on the front panel. This changes the amount of mesh between the fingers. Due to the shape of the fingers, this changes the diameter of this gear wheel. Hence, the pair of gear wheels has a continuously variable transmission gear ratio.

Figure J7: Close-up of the drive system of the FIApT printer

The paper tape transport shaft is driven by the motor shaft via two worm gears, with a drive shaft in between. In the photo above, the latter shaft is seen crossing horizontally below the spindle shaft, almost up against the front panel.

The motor is a single-phase 160 volt / 60 Hz (!) induction motor, model IM 1/6. It was made by LESA, also of Milan/Italy. The LESA company was founded in 1929 as "Laboratori Elettrotecnici di Luigi Massaroni", named after its founder, Luigi Massaroni. In 1930, it incorporated as "Lavorazioni Elettromecchaniche S.A" (LESA). Until the end of WW2, its focus was on small AC motors for record-players, sewing machines, film projectors, etc., and potentiometers. Later, it also made a variety of small domestic appliances. The serial number of this particular motor (22143) suggests that it was an off-the-shelf mass-produced model.

Figure J8: Label on the LESA motor and the LESA factory ca. 1950s

The printer spindle is a 2-start ( = 2 threads) type. The one in this particular machine appears to be rather worn and made of low grade steel.

Figure J9: Close-up of the printer spindle of the FIApT printer

The electro-magnet of the printer module comprises two 1000 Ω solenoid coils in parallel. Additional passive electronic components are located below the chassis: 9 capacitors, 4 resistors, 1 potentiometer, and 1 "inter-valve" transformer. Ref. 11A.

Figure J10: Components at the bottom of the printer

(source: adapted from eBay article nr. 164838074606, April of 2021; blacked-out area contains added modern circuitry)

The capacitors are made by Icar S.p.a. - Industria Condensatori in Liquidazione. This company is located in Monza, just outside Milan. It was established in 1946 - about two years after the FIApT printer manual (ref. 11A) was issued...

US SIGNAL CORPS

The 1943/44 tape facsimile system RC-58-B of the US Signal Corps was developed for "faxing" handwritten text messages during mobile operation (hence 12 Vdc power; configurable for 24 VDC). The main equipment items of this system are:

• Scanner-printer unit RC-918-B. This unit combines the recording ( = Hellschreiber-printing) of incoming messages on paper tape, and the tape-scanning of outgoing messages. It includes an automatic start-stop circuit that starts the drive motor when an incoming signal is received, and when a signal is being sent out from the scanner.
• Amplifier unit BC-908-B. This unit converts black and white pulses from the optical scanner of the BC-918-B into tone pulses of 1650 Hz and 1150 Hz respectively (2-tone FSK). The tone pulses are sent to the amplifier unit of another RC-58-B station, via phone lines or radio. Conversely, it converts 1650 Hz and 1150 Hz tone pulses received from another RC-58-B station to keying-pulses for the 2-coil electro-magnet of the printer module in the BC-918-B.
• Writing-tablet MC-308B
• Spare parts chest CH-108-B

Combined, the BC-908-B and BC-918-B contain 15 vacuum tubes. The system was probably manufactured by RCA (ref. 13B). Detailed descriptions are provided in ref. 13A. I do not know if an RC-58-A system ever existed. Surplus BC-908-B amplifier/filter units were modified by radio amateurs in the 1960s, for use with RTTY teleprinters (ref. 13C).

Figure L1: Scanner-amplifier BC-908-B (left) and recorder-scanner BC-918-B, on their respective shock-mounting

(source: Fig. 2 & 3 in ref. 13A)

Figure L2: Recorder-scanner BC-918-B on shock mounting FT-328-B

(cover of the optical system removed)

The BC-918-B scanner-printer unit measures approximately 11.6x10x11 inch (≈29.4x25.3x28 cm), and weighs 35 lbs (15.8 kg).

Figure L3: The right-hand side of the BC-918-B unit is the paper tape compartment

A phosphor-bronze strip is clipped to the inside of the cover of the paper tape compartment. It has the width of the paper tape (¾ inch), is 0.02 inch thick (0.5 mm), and has a bent tip. It is used for cleaning lint and paper dust out of the paper tape passages.

Figure L4: The inside of the cover of the tape compartment - with a phosphor-bronze strip for cleaning paper tape passages

Figure L5: The rear and the left-hand side of the BC-918-B

Figure L6: The inside of the opened BC-918-B - top view (left) and bottom view

The diagram below illustrates the optical system. Light from an incandescent light bulb enters through an opening into the optical system on the front of the unit. The light then passes through two lenses, a rotating hexagonal prism, a fixed prism, and then through one more lens. The spinning of the hexagonal prism causes a small spot of light to sweep across the paper tape that is passed underneath it. The light that is reflected off the paper tape (that has a message written on it), and is concentrated onto the photo-cell by two curved mirrors. The brightness of the reflected light appears at the output of the photo-cell. This allows distinction between dark/black and light/white reflections. The output of the photo-cell is connected to a frequency-modulated oscillator in the BC-908-B amplifier unit, via a black-vs-white discriminator. For "white" signals, this oscillator outputs a signal with a frequency of 56.15 kHz. For "black" signals, this changes to 56.65 kHz. This 2-tone signal is mixed with the signal from a second oscillator. The latter has a fixed frequency of 55.0 kHz. Hence, the output of the mixer is an audio tone of 56.1 - 55.0 kHz = 1150 Hz for "white" signals, and 1650 Hz for "black" signals. This audio signal is sent to the printer of another RC-58-B station via radio or phone lines (as well as to the local printer, as in the Siemens Feld-Hell machines).

Figure L7: Path of the light beam through the optical system

(source: adapted from Fig. 16 in ref. 13A)

The hexagonal prism spins at 600 rpm. As the a prism has six sides, the paper tape is scanned 600x6 = 3600 times per minute. As the paper tape advances 50 inch/minute (127 cm/min), each lineal inch of the paper tape is progressively scanned 3600/50 = 72 times (72 lpi). I.e., a scan-swath of 1/72 inch (0.35 mm). The scanner and printer mechanism are driven by a single 12 volt DC / 3600 rpm motor made by Signal Electric Mfg Corp. and by RCA.

The light beam always enters and exits the hexagonal prism via two parallel surfaces. Hence, the light beams that enter and exit that prism, are also always parallel:

Figure L8: The spinning prism creates a light-spot that continuously scans across the paper tape

(source: adapted from Fig. 18 in ref. 13A)

Figure L9: Photo-cell, Joint Army Navy vacuum tube type JAN-927 made by RCA

The printer of the BC-918-B is a standard Hellschreiber printer, with a 6-start spindle and a felt ink roller.

Figure L10: Close-up of the printer module with the 6-start helix and a felt ink roller

The "writing stand MC-308-B" is a flat metal box with a hinged cover. It contains one roll of paper tape. The tape is passed through a writing-guide window across the top of the top of the tablet. There is a saw-edged knife blade at the left of the window, for tearing off paper. Spare-parts kit CH-108-B holds extra rolls of paper tape (7 inch diam.), fuses, vacuum tubes, and a mechanical pencil with replacement leads. The box measures 14¾x8¾x9 inch (LxHxW, 37x22x23 cm), and weighs 9 lbs (4 kg).

Figure L11: Writing tablet MC-308-B and spares chest CH-108-B with rolls of paper tape and vacuum tubes

DR. EDGAR GRETENER AG (GRETAG)

During the 1930s, the Swiss Dr. Edgar Gretener (born 1902) headed up the telegraphy (incl. teleprinters) development department at Siemens-Halske in Berlin. In 1943, he founded an engineering company near Zürich/Switzerland. It developed and built electromechanical systems and lighting technology. The company name was named after him: "Dr. Edgar Gretener AG".

In 1939, Gretener's compatriot Prof. Friedrich ("Fritz") Fischer and his team at ETH-Zürich university, invented an impressive large-screen video projection system, suitable for movie theaters: the "Eidophor" (ref. 14A-14D). A working prototype was presented in 1943. Fischer died in 1947, at which time Gretener took over the development and commercialization. It came to market ca. 1952, via Gretag. In the USA, it was marketed by CBS and Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. Image quality (incl. color) and performance were enhanced over the following years. Production ceased in the late 1990s.

Upon Dr. Gretener's death late 1958, the company became a subsidiary of the Swiss industrial giant Ciba-Geigy, at which time it was renamed to "Gretag AG". A buy-out by Gretag management occurred in 1990. Around that time, the crypto activities of Gretag were spun off to AT&T and became "Gretag Data Systems AG". It was sold to another US company in 1995, and renamed to "Gretacoder Data Systems AG", and subsequently to "Safe Net data Systems AG" in 2002. It ceased operation late 2004. Gretag Imaging became a leading manufacturer of photo-finishing equipment. Late 2000, the share price of Gretag Imaging collapsed, and it was sold off to the Dutch reprographic specialist Océ. Two years later, Gretag Imaging went out of business.

Dr. Gretener held about 350 patents in Europe, the USA and Canada; primarily in the field of film and image technology (e.g., color separation), lighting, and cryptology.

Ca. 1946, the Gretener company started to develop teleprinters. The Gretener teleprinters are not true Hellschreibers. However, just like Rudolf Hell's invention of 1929, they are based on the decomposition of text font into basic elements. And, also like the Hell-printers, the Gretener machines are "direct printing": individual character-elements are printed immediately, as they are received - the machine does not collect all elements of a received character, and then decides which character to print. Besides that, they are interesting electro-mechanical machines of and by themselves.

Note that "direct printing" of each individual character-element (segments, in the case of Gretener, pixels in the case of Hell), makes the system more robust against interference, signal fading, etc.: an incorrectly received pulse ("bit-flip") causes the printed character to be distorted, but not wrong (which would be the case with standard "telex" teleprinter systems). This makes the system suitable for use with encryption systems via radio. However, as shown below, the Gretener-font is made up of a lot less elements than the 5x12=60 pixel Hell-font (not counting the first & last column & row of the 7x14 font, as they are blank). The latter has a significantly higher level of redundancy.

Edgar Gretener decomposed characters into letter-segments. He defined a set of 14 such basic elements:

Figure M1: The 14 character-elements - set nr. 1 (pre-1947)

(source: Fig. 1 in ref. 14H)

Figure M2: The 14 character-elements - set nr. 2 (intermediate)

(source: based on Fig. 2 in ref. 14K)

Figure M3: The 14 character-elements - set nr. 3 (post-1947)

(source: Fig. 2 in ref. 14J)

Each character of Gretener-font can be expressed as a combination of no more than five of these elements. Several elements partially overlap. E.g., elements number 1 and 8, 5 and 8, 4 and 12, and 5 and 12. The 13^th and 14^th element were changed over time. Initially, the set comprised 3 vertical, 3 horizontal, 4 diagonal, 2 angled elements, and the figure "8". A figure "8" could also be composed with elements number 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, but maybe the resulting character was initially considered as being too similar to the letter "B". Later versions of the set of the basic elements have different elements number 13 and 14. The alphanumeric character-set of the Gretener system comprises 41 characters:

Figure M4: The character set - 41 characters (pre-1947)

(source: Fig. 1 in ref. 14H)

Figure M5: Additional characters possible with the elemental sets

(source: based on Fig. 2 in ref. 14XXXXXX)

The use of segmented characters was not new or original: it dates back at least to 1908, when a 9-element numeric indicator was patented:

Figure M6: Multi-segment numeric indicators - incandescent backlighting

(source: Fig. 1 & 2 in ref. 14L; 1908)

This type of indicator made a comeback in the 1960s, in the form of multi-segment numeric and alphanumeric indicators that use incandescent/filament, gas plasma, cold-cathode neon ("nixie" tube), vacuum fluorescent, LED, or LCD technology.

Figure M7: "Modern" 16-segment alphanumeric LED display indicator

Gretener-characters are transmitted as a pulse sequence of 14-bits: one bit for each of the 14 basic elements. Bit 1 represents element 1, bit 2 represents element 2, etc. The receiving printer evaluates each received bit by itself, and determines if the associated element needs to be printed. Clearly, this can only work if the printer knows when the sender starts a pulse sequence. Also, sender and printer have to operate at the same speed. This is easy in a single-motor sender-printer terminal (local printer). However, a remote printer needs to be signaled that a new sequence starts. This is done by sending a conventional start-pulse before sending the 14 data bits. An implicit stop-bit is added at the end. It serves as a pause between characters, to get ready for the next start-pulse, and to add margin for the difference in motor speed between sender and remote printer.

Initially, transmission speed of the Gretener teleprinter system was 2.5 characters per second (400 msec/character), as with the "Feld-Hell" machine. In 1947, this was increased to 5 characters/sec (200 msec/character), as with "Presse Hell".

THE SENDER OF THE GRETENER TELEPRINTER. The function of the sender is to translate keyboard-selected characters into a fixed-length, 16-bit pulse sequence (14 elemental bits, start-bit, stop-bit). Each key of the keyboard is attached to a selector bar that has 2-6 tabs. The tabs correspond to the start-pulse, and up to five basic character elements that make up the associated character. The keyboard mechanism has 15 switch contacts (start-pulse + 14 basic elements). The switches are actuated by the tabs of the selector bar of the depressed character-key. As with Hellschreiber-senders, the keyboard has a lock-out mechanism such that the selected key remains latched; no other key can be depressed as long as the selected key is being sent. The keyboard has a self-locking repeat key (as found on standard telex terminals and Hell start-stop machines).

Figure M8: Generation of a tone-pulse sequence

(source: adapted from Fig. 1 in ref. 14K)

One side of each switch is connected to a dedicated segment of the stator of the sender. The switches are "normally closed" ( = "tone on"). Switches that are actuated by a tab of the selector bar are "open" ( = "tone off"). The other side of all the contacts is connected to a common point.

Depressing any key starts the transmission sequence. Via a clutch mechanism, the main driveshaft of the sender-printer terminal is engaged and makes one revolution. A copper brush is connected to the tip of a lever that is attached to the drive shaft. The brush is connected to a slip-ring on the drive shaft.

A tone oscillator is connected to the common point. Its constant tone passes via all closed switches to the associated stator segments. As the shaft turns, the brush scans all segments of the stator. The tone is output for all segments for which the corresponding switch contact is closed. The contacts for the elements of the selected character are open. They cause the tone to be turned off for the duration of the segment. That is, the pulses are actually created by off-keying the tone. This is the opposite of Hellschreiber (and most other telegraphy systems).

Figure M9: Pulse sequence for the character "R"

(source: Fig. 3 in ref. 14H; 400 msec timing implies pre-1947 definition)

Timing of the 400 msec character pulse sequence is as follows (ref. 14H):

• Start-pulse: 25 msec
• 14 element-pulses, each 25 msec (hence 14 x 25 = 350 msec total)
• Stop-pulse of 25 msec. The stop-pulse is actually "tone on", unlike the start-pulse and activated element-pulses. It is generated separately from start- and element-pulses.

Timing of the 200 msec character pulse sequence is as follows (ref. 14K)

• Start-pulse of 20 msec
• 14 element-pulses, each 10.8 msec (hence 14 x 10.8 = 150 msec total)
• Stop-pulse of 20+9 = 29 msec (the main drive shaft stops 9 msec after element 14; the stop pulse continues for another 20 msec, via a cam wheel).

Timing of the 197 msec character pulse sequence is as follows (ref. 14M):

• Start-pulse of 25 msec
• 14 element-pulses, each 10.85 msec (hence 14 x 10.85 = 152 msec total)
• Stop-pulse of 20 msec (the main drive shaft stops 9 msec after element 14; the stop pulse continues for another 20 msec, via a cam wheel).

A data-bit length of 10.8 msec implies a telegraphy speed of 1000/10.8 = 93 baud.

THE PRINTER OF THE GRETENER TELEPRINTER. At the heart of the printer is a revolving type-wheel ("Typenrevolver"). The wheel has 14 type-stamps that are distributed around its circumference. Each stamp has the type of one specific character-element on its striking face. So, the revolver of the Gretener printer is not a six-shooter, but a Swiss 14-shooter! The type-stamps are spring-loaded, and can only move parallel to the axis of rotation of the wheel.

Figure M10: Type-wheel of the ETK-R-55 printer

(source: Fig 11. in ref. 14J)

There are two cam wheels on the drive-shaft of the revolver (items 25 and 47 in the diagram below). Both have notches all around their circumference. The large cam wheel (item 47) enables the printer-hammer if 1) a recessed notch of this cam wheel passes by the printer solenoid (item 42), and 2) the solenoid is not energized at that time. Recall that in the ETK, absence of a tone signals receipt of an active element-bit. The smaller cam wheel (item 25) provides actuation of the spring-loaded printer hammer (if the latter is enabled by the same solenoid).

Figure M11: The ETK printer mechanism

(source: adapted from Fig. 2 in ref. 14H)

Upon receipt of a start-pulse, the drive shaft begins to make one revolution. At the start of the revolution, the type-stamp of the first basic element appears in front of the paper tape. If at that time no tone is received from the sender, then the hammer is enabled and actuated. This taps the type-stamp against the paper, and the basic element is printed. The type-stamps are kept inked with a felt ink roller. The ETK prints on paper tape that is 9.5 mm wide (3/8 inch). That is the same width as used by start-stop Hellschreibers (models 39/40/44, and 72/73) of the 1950s. Gummed tape could be used, to facilitate gluing the tape onto telegram forms.

The drive-shaft of the sender and the (local or remote) printer move in lock-step. One by one, the 14 type-stamps rotate by the paper tape, as the 14 bits are received. The diagrams below show how the characters R, A, and E are recomposed with a sequence of basic character-elements.

Figure M12: Re-composition of the character "R" onto paper tape (bits 1, 2, 6, 7 & 8 )

(source: Fig. 2 in ref. 14H)

Figure M13: Left - the individual elements for "R". Right - those same five elements printed in sequence

(source: Fig. 3 in ref. 14K)

Figure M14: Pulse-sequence and re-composition of the characters "A" and "E"

(source: adapted from Fig. 1 in ref. 14J)

The drive-train of the sender-printer contains an interesting coupling mechanism: a spring-coupler ("Federkupplung"). The driving shaft and the driven shaft are of equal diameter and coaxially aligned. The opposing ends of these two shafts are inserted into a cylindrical spring. One end of the spring is permanently attached to the driven shaft. When the opposite end of the spring is not attached to the driving shaft, the spring spins freely about the driving shaft, with insignificant friction. The driving shaft has a collar with a snubber. When the snubber is activated, it holds the spinning end of the spring firmly against the driving shaft. This causes the spring to tighten up around both shafts, and rigidly couples the shafts almost instantaneously.

Figure M15: Principle of the spring-coupling

(source: Fig. 6 in ref. 14J)

The following printer models were developed and manufactured by Dr. Edgar Gretener AG:

• ETK 47 - in two versions: a tape printer and a sheet printer.
• ETK 50, an upgrade of ETK 47 - sometimes referred to as the ETK 47/50.
• ETK-R 55.
• The combined ETK/crypto-machine KFF-58, and its upgrade, the KFF 68, sometimes referred to as KFF-58/68.

The two-digit number in the model designator generally refers to the first year of manufacturing.

ETK stands for Einton-Kombinationsschreiber, i.e., a "single-tone combination printer". ETK 47 and 50 use "Ein-Ton-Telegraphie" (ETT), literally "single-tone telegraphy". I.e., Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): a tone is keyed on/off. Here, the tone is 1500 Hz tone. "Combination printer" refers to the Gretener printing system described above, where several character-elements are combined into a complete character.

Model ETK 47 was developed ca. 1942-1947 and manufactured 1947-1950. The Swiss army bought 250 units, with a first order for 50 units placed in 1947. ETK 47/50 remained in service until 1971. Ref. 14N, 14P. It was also used commercially, over public telephone lines. In military service, it was used in combination with the 12-wheel electro-mechanical tele-crypto machine TC 53 (ref. 14Q; also developed and manufactured by Gretener).

ETK 47 comprises a sender/printer terminal unit, and an amplifier/detector unit, housed in a carrying case. Like the Hell Feldfernschreiber, the terminal unit is pulled out of the case during operation. The case measures ca. 30x35x45 cm (≈18¼x13¾x11½ inch) and the set weighs 26 kg (≈56 lbs). Like the Feld-Hell, anode voltage is provided by a generator that is attached to the motor of the terminal (standard "dynamotor" arrangement). The circuitry of the amplifier/detector unit is very straightforward, and uses three tubes of type DLL21 (Philips dual-pentode). The unit can be powered with either 12 volt DC or 220 volt AC. Communication is half-duplex over phone lines, and uses 1500 Hz "Ein-Ton-Telegraphie" (ETT). That is, ASK modulation of a 1500 Hz tone. Ref. 14H, 14J, 14R-14T.

Figure M16: ETK 47 in its case - all legends are in German and French

(unless noted otherwise, all original unedited Gretag equipment photos: courtesy Walter Schmid (HB9AIV); used with permission)

Figure M17: ETK 47 - keyboard-printer in operating position

The keyboard has 50 keys. A special key at the lower left-hand corner is marked KZ ("Kennzeichen"), for sending a programmable callsign. Depending on the ETK 47 version, three keys are not used and are blank.

Figure M18: Printer-head and stator of the sender of the ETK 47

Figure M19: The printer mechanism of the ETK 47

Figure M20: Close-up of the ETK 47 printer revolver - one type-stamp engaged

The keyboard of the ETK 47 has 50 keys, three of which are not used. A special key at the lower left-hand corner is marked KZ ("Kennzeichen"), for sending a programmable callsign of up to six characters. These characters are generated with a motorized stack of notched disks. This stack is located in a separate unit, the TFAA ("Trägerfrequenzanschlußgerät mit Automatik"). Ref. 14T, 14U. This unit is also used for remote control of another ETK station that is also equipped with a TFFA. The "A" ("automatic") part of the TFFA listens for the incoming ring-signal from an incoming call via the public or private phone system. In Switzerland, the phone system applies a 25 or 50 Hz ring signal of 25-90 volt RMS at the receiving terminal. Around the world, this ring signal varies from 15-70 Hz, and 25-150 volt RMS at the terminal. The TFFA uses this signal to "wake up" the local ETK unit: the heating voltages of the vacuum tubes is turned on, as is the motor. When ready, the receiving ETK station replies with a 1500 Hz tone. The calling ETK station can push the "WERDA" key on the keyboard (equivalent to the "WHO IS" key of telex teleprinters). The receiving ETK station responds by sending its callsign. The TFFA disconnects when no signals are received for 1-2 minutes.

Figure M21: ETK 47 page-printer and the associated "TFFA" modem (ref. 14S, 14T)

Figure M22: Equipment label on the ETK 47 page-printer (left) and on the modem (right)

Figure M23: The inside of the ETK 47 modem with optional callsign generator (right)

The modem comprises a motorized callsign-generator ("Namengeber") with 14 notched disks, six of which are "programmable" for the 6-character callsign.

Figure M24: Close-up of optional callsign generator in the modem - similar to the notched character drum of Hellschreiber senders

Tape-printers such as the Gretener ETK 47 and the Siemens Feld-Hell and Presse-Hell machines, print on paper tape. The printed tapes were either transcribed with a typewriter, or cut up into segments and glued onto telegram forms. This is a disadvantage, especially compared to the competing "telex" type teleprinters that printed on sheets. Gretener developed a sheet-printer version of the ETK 47, introduced in 1947, just like the ETK 47 tape printer. Rudolf Hell and Siemens obviously faced the same sheet-printer competition for the Hell-system. Hell already foresaw a sheet-printer Hellschreiber in his 1933 patent 668821. Hell patented and developed his sheet printer in 1948: Hell model "P" (Siemens-Hell model 9 T empf 1b).

Figure M25: ETK 47 tape-printer and ETK 47 page-printer

Figure M26: ETK 47 page-printer

Figure M27: ETK 47 page-printer - with printing revolver on a carriage (top left of the photo)

Figure M28: ETK 47 page-printer - close-up of the printing revolver on a carriage

Figure M29: Test print-out of an ETK47 page-printer

The ETK 50 is basically an ETK 47 with an improved keyboard mechanism, so it is full compatible with the ETK 47. As stated above, the ETK 47/50 used 1500 Hz ASK modulation.

ETK 50 comprises a sender/printer terminal unit, and an amplifier/detector unit, housed in a carrying case. Like the Hell Feldfernschreiber, the terminal unit is pulled out of the case during operation. The case measures ca. 30x36x48 cm (≈ 12 x 14¼ x 19 inch) and the set weighs 27½ kg (≈ 60 lbs). The amplifier/detector unit uses five tubes of type DLL21 (Philips dual-pentode) - two more than ETK 47/50. The unit can be powered with either 12 volt DC or 110-250 volt AC. Ref. 14H, 14K, 14R-14S.

Gretener teleprinter models ETK 47 and 50, use "single-tone" ASK modulation, with a 1500 Hz tone. This can be transmitted via phone lines (2- and 4-wire) and radio. Not surprisingly, this was insufficient for robust detection of the start-pulse when communicating over shortwave radio - in particular during poor signal-to-noise conditions and fading. This prompted the development of model ETK-R 55. The "R" stands for "Radio".

ETK-R 55 retains the 1500 Hz ASK modulation, but only for operation over telephone lines. Model ETK-R 55 can also use two-tone Frequency Shift Modulation (FSK), with mark and space frequencies of 1145 Hz and 1255 Hz respectively (1200 Hz +/- 55 Hz; 110 Hz shift). The amplifier/detector circuitry of this ETK model could also evaluate the second harmonic of the tone frequency (i.e., 2400 Hz +/- 110 Hz). This improved print fidelity during radio propagation conditions with selective fading.

Model ETK-R 55 was developed 1953-1954 and manufactured 1956-1957. The Swiss army bought 90 units in 1957. ETK-R 55 remained in service until 1980.

Figure M30: ETK-R 55 - keyboard-printer removed from case

Figure M31: Electronics box of the ETK-R 55

ETK 47/50 and ETK-R 55 were used with the crypto unit TC-53. ETK-R 55 did significantly improve the robustness of the start-stop synchronization. However, loss of sync still occurred during high-noise conditions. Obviously this caused problems when communicating encrypted messages. Therefore, Gretag AG developed an ETK sender/printer model with a new synchronization method, and a matching real-time crypto encoder/decoder: the Kryptofunkfernschreiber KFF 58 (crypto radio-teleprinter) and the Télécrypto TC 58, respectively. Ref. 14M, 14S, 14T, 14W. The synchronization method is based on using crystal-based clocks in the sending and receiving system. These clocks are aligned by both systems entering the "SYN" mode. The sender continuously sends a special sync character, and the printer operator adjust the local sync setting until the printed sync character received from sender overlays a locally generated (and also printed) sync character. Once synchronized, the two units remained in sync for at least 15 minutes without needing a re-sync. Contrary to its predecessor ETK-R 55, the KFF 58 only used 1500 Hz ASK modulation, not FSK.

The particular transmission and printing processing of the KFF 58 required a buffer for two 14-bit characters. This was implemented with electromechanical components (relays). During a technology-refresh in 1968, this was replaced with solid-state circuitry. The model number was bumped to KFF 68 (fully compatible with the KFF 58).

Later on, the TC 61 was developed - same function and operation as the TC 53 and TC 58, but adapted to work with a Siemens T100 terminal.

Model KFF 58 was developed 1956-1958 and manufactured 1958-1962. The Swiss army bought 441 units. KFF-58 remained in service at least until 1987. The Austrian army also bought a number of units. The set is not exactly "light weight": the teleprinter terminal weighs 69 kg and the crypto unit 26 kg - almost 100 kg total (220 lbs)!

Figure M32: The KFF-58/68 sender/printer terminal with crypto unit TC 58 on top

FACIT

The name "Facit" (which means something like "result" or "answer" in Swedish) first appeared on mechanical calculators made by the company of Axel Wibel in Stockholm, Sweden. At that time, the company primarily made office furniture. However, they were also sales representative for office/business machines, and had a repair shop for calculators. Wibel founded his Facit AB subsidiary in 1918, for design (by Karl Viktor Rudin) and manufacture of calculators. The first machines were sold in 1920. Wibel was also partner in AB Åtvidabergs Förenade Industrier - a furniture manufacturer. After its bancrupcy in 1922, it quickly reemerged as AB Åtvidabergs Industrier. It absorbed Wibel's Facit AB and moved it from Stockholm to Åtvidaberg, where its activities resumed in 1923. By the early 1960s, the successful Facit AB subsidiary dominated the entire corporation, which changed its name to Facit AB in 1965. During the mid 1960s, a transition was made to electrically powered mechanical desktop calculators, and electronic desktop calculators. In a move to ward off the Japanese "invasion" of electronic desktop and handheld elecronic calculators, it unsuccessfully tried to partner with a Japanese company (Sharp). Facit AB went out of business and was bought by the Swedish company Electrolux in 1972/73.

The company also ventured into computer and tape printer and sheet printer products in the early 1970s.They made two "dot matrix printer" models that used a Hellschreiber printer mechanísm, and the associated serial transmission of pixel pulses. First was tape printer model 4552 (ref, 15A, 15B), and a year or two later the sheet printer model 4553. They were based on a 5x7 font matrix:

Figure N1: Hell-style font rasterization (left) and FACIT-font examples

(source: ref. 15A-15C)

Figure N2: The FACIT 4552 Alphanumeric Strip Printer

(source: adapted from ref. 15A)

The FACIT model 4452 "alphanumeric strip printer" prints on pressure sensitive paper tape. The actual printer is basically a Hellschreiber spindle-and-hammer mechanism. The hammer is, of course, actuated by an electromagnet. The spindle (marked "cam" in the diagram below) looks like a gear-wheel with the teeth set at an angle. It is a many-start printer helix.

Figure N3: The FACIT printer mechanism

(source: ref. 15A)

This is an asynchronous system, i.e., it uses start-stop synchronization. The spindle shaft has a 1-notch cam wheel on one end, and an optical encoder with 7x5=35 positions. The encoder is mounted on the drive shaft via a slip-clutch disk. The notch of the cam wheel corresponds to the start position of the spindle. When the release solenoid is energized, the cam can turn freely. When the release solenoid is energized, the cam will stop and be held at the start position ("spoke-in-the-wheel" clutch). The release solenoid is driven by a sync pulse detector, in combination with the optical encoder.

Maximum printing speed is about 15½ characters per second. The pressure-sensitive paper tape is 17.5 mm wide (same as 11/16" telex punch tape) and 0.1 mm thick. Transfer of a single column takes 6.9 msec. This is equivalent to a pixel duration of close to 1 msec, or 1000 strokes of the printer hammer per second. There is a dwell time of 2.8 msec after each of the first four columns. Hence, each character takes 5x6.9 + 4x2.8 = 45.7 msec. Dwell time between characters is about 21 msec, equivalent to 3 columns. Characters are 7x5 dot matrix. Height of the printed characters is 3.2 x 2.5 mm (1/8 x 0.1 inch). These printers have a digital input (serial or parallel) and were not used via radio; some models had a built-in character generator.

Model 4552 measures ca. 19x16x15 cm (WxDxH, ≈7.5x6.2x5.9 inch) and weighs about 2.5 kg (≈5.5 lbs).

FACIT model 4553 is a line printer for continuous-form sheets. Here, the printer helix is mounted on a carriage that traverses back and forth underneath the paper. It is the equivalent of a "needle" or "comb" printer head. Depending on the model, signaling is serial (pixel-by-pixel) or parallel (column-by-column). It used a roll of pressure-sensitive paper (with or without a copy), with a width of 210 mm (≈8.6 inch), for printing 80 characters across the page. This printer measures 41.5x15.5x25 cm (WxDxH, ≈16.3x6.3x9.7 inch) and weighs about 9.5 kg (≈21 lbs).

Figure N4: Printer helix of FACIT model 4553

(source: ref. 15C)

THOMSON

In 1892, Thomson-Houston (founded in 1879 by Messrs. Thomson and Houston) and the Edison General Electric Co. merged into General Electric (GE). Shortly thereafter, GE formed a French subsidiary: the Compagnie Francaise Thomson-Houston (CFTH). CFTH merged with Hotchkiss-Brandt in 1966, and the electronics business of Thomson-Brandt merged with the Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie Sans Fil (CSF, "General Company for Wireless Telegraphy") to form Thomson-CSF. In 1982, Thomson-Brandt and Thomson-CSF were nationalized and merged into Thomson SA. The company went through a number of spin-offs and mergers from 1983 through 1987. Before the re-privatization in 1999, the defence and the consumer electronics businesses were split into Thomson Multimedia (later Technicolor SA) and Thomson-CSF (later Thales Group).

Sometime during the late 1950s or early 1960s, Thomson built Hellschreiber machines that are compatible with the Siemens Feld-Hell machines. Two of these machines are known to exist. They are believed to be prototypes made for the French armed forces. They are attributed to Thomson, France's prime defence contractor, but there is no official confirmation of this: there is no name plate or manufacturer marking on the equipment.

Figure Q1: The Thomson Hellschreiber

This compact unit measures 38x33x19 cm (LxWxH, 15x13x7½ inch), comes in an army-green case, and operates on 12 volt DC. Ref. 17A.

Figure Q2: The top view of the Thomson machine - cover removed

(original unedited photo: courtesy Jean-Claude Prat (F5PU); used with permission)

Figure Q3: The rear side of the Thomson machine - cover removed

(original unedited photo: courtesy Jean-Claude Prat (F5PU); used with permission)

The three circuit cards in the Thomson machine are simple pertinax cards, with point-to-point wiring on the back. This suggests that the machine is a prototype.

Figure Q4: Front & back of circuit card nr. 1 with transformer coupling, diode-bridge rectifier, two amplifier transistors

Figure Q5: Front & back of circuit card nr. 2 with two transistors

Figure Q6: Front & back of circuit card nr. 3 with 1 transistor

The Thomson Hellschreibers are solid-state ( = fully transistorized). Several transistors are GE-made, at least one is marked "Thomson". There are five transistors of type 2N43. The 2N43 is a Germanium PNP transistor, intended for (relatively) high-gain (h_FE = 30) low-power (300 mW) AF applications. "More modern" equivalents are the AC128, AC152, and 2N2706. The four basic transistor manufacturing processes are point-contact, grown- or rate-grown-junction, alloy- or fused-junction, and diffused-junction. The 2N43 is an alloy-fused junction, the first junction transistor developed by General Electric in 1953, to a US military specification. The transistor is housed in a hermetically-sealed can, referred to as a "lady's top hat". Early versions have a pinched top. See photo below. Based on gain, manufactured transistors where screened into three categories, and labeled 2N43, 2N44, and 2N45. Parts that exceeded the highest specified gain of the 2N43 or were below the lowest specified gain of the 2N45, were rejected. In 1955, GE started selling the rejects to the civil market, as 2N107. The 2N4x was manufactured in license by several manufacturers (Raytheon, RCA, Sylvania, Mullard, and... Thomson).

Figure Q7: The GE "2N43" transistor

The large rectangular capacitors (2-in-a-can), inductors and transformers are made by the "Transmissions - Composants" division of the French company "Lignes Télégraphiques et Téléphoniques". L.L.T was founded in 1920 - with Thomson-Houston as a major shareholder. International Western Electric acquired a minority interest in the company in 1922. Starting in 1927, L.L.T. made iron-dust cores for transformers and paper capacitors; polystyrene capacitors started in 1938. In 1978 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Thomson CSF.

Figure Q8: 1955 L.T.T. advertising

Figure Q9: Close-up of the printer module with its 2-turn spindle

The Thomson machine has a character drum ("tambour"). However, it is much smaller (9.5 cm long, 3.4 cm diameter) than that of the Feld-Hell and appears to be very lightweight. The Feld-Hell drum is 20.4 cm long, has a diameter of 49.5 mm (8x2 inch), and weighs 970 grams (2⁺ lbs)! The Thomson drum looks like a cylinder of a coarse cloth material that is impregnated with some sort of resin. Copper traces and pads are stitched onto the drum. Each track has a wire spring-contact that is permanently engaged. This is mechanically much simpler than in the Feld-Hell machine, where only the contact of the selected character is engaged. Of course, in the Feld-hell machine, the drum turns continuously, which is not the case in the Thomson machine.

Figure Q10: Close-up of the Thomson character-drum

The font of the Thomson machine is very similar to that of the Siemens Feld-Hell. However, the audio output of the machine is not an on/off-keyed 900 Hz tone. Instead it is a 2-tone FSK signal, with a 1325 Hz "space" and a 1225 Hz "mark" tone. Hence, 100% duty-cycle. To print this signal with a Feld-Hell machine or equivalent software, the detector must be set to something close to the "mark" frequency, not close to the (near-constant) "space" tone. Printing can also be done with software in Hell FM105/245 mode, with the detector set to the "space" tone. Hell PSK mode also works.

Figure Q11: Character set of the Thomson

(printed with IZ8BLY Hell-software; slant of the text lines is due to speed offset of the Thomson machine)

Note the start-pulse in the first column of each character:

Figure Q12: Start-pulse in the first column of the character matrix

It is only a rather short pulse: 2/14 of a character column, whereas it is 8/14 of a column in the Siemens Hell-39/40/44/72/73. This suggests that the Thomson machine is more susceptible to inadvertent start-pulse detections when receiving noisy signals.

Here is a recording that I made of the audio output of the Thomson machine:

Figure Q13: Audio spectrum of the output of the Thomson machine - waterfall & FFT display

(in FFT plot: blue trace = "space" tone only; yellow trace = "mark" & "space" during character transmission)

The Thomson machine uses "start-stop" synchronization, like the Siemens Hell models 39/40/44, 72/73 and 80. The motor turns continuously, and both the character drum and the printer spindle are engaged via a clutch mechanism, as in the aforementioned Siemens-Hell models.

Figure Q14: Close-up of the start-stop cams on the shaft of the character drum

Paper speed is about the same as that of the Feld-Hell machines (about 47 cm/min nominal), but the manual speed adjustment of the Thomson machine appears to have a much wider range. It is a simple centrifugal speed regulator that is mounted on the motor shaft. The regulator has three so-called "fly-ball" weights (here, though they are stubby steel disks rather than balls). Each weight is mounted on a strip of spring metal. One end of the strips is fixed to the motor shaft, the other to a flange that can move freely on the motor shaft. As the motor speed increases, centrifugal forces move the weights radially away from the motor shaft; in turn, this pulls the flange towards the motor. The speed set point is changed with a knob at the top of the unit. This knob changes the position of a lever arm. At the end of the lever arm, there is clamp with a small rod of hard leather. This is simply a brake pad, with a manually variable position. The motor speeds up until the flange touches the brake pad. The faster the motor turns, the harder the disk pushes against the brake pad, the more friction builds, which slows down the motor, which reduces the friction, etc. In other words: a feedback control loop. This same mechanism is used in old gramophone record players. However, as it is friction based, it is also temperature dependent, and the speed set point drifts rather noticeably over time, especially if the brake pad is not kept slightly lubricated.

Figure Q15: Top-view of the centrifugal speed regulator (note the three governor weights, flange and brake-pad)

Interfacing to telephone lines or a radio transceiver is done via the interconnect panel on the rear of the unit. There are four banana plug jacks for connecting to a phone line (far left in the above photo). Not sure if this accommodates 2- and 4-wire interfacing. The eight jacks on the right are for transceiver interfacing. "EMIS" ("emission") is the audio output to the transmitter. "RON" is short for "ReceptiON", hence, the input for audio from the receiver. "MASSE" is of course simply "ground/earth". There does not appear to be a PTT output, but I don't know yet what "SUP" ("suppression") and "PED" mean.

Figure Q16: The interconnect panel on the back of the unit.

A 3-position switch on the front panel is used to select between RON, TEL, and EM. This suggests manual switching between the telephone line and the transceiver interface (makes sense), and also between transmission and reception, if the radio interface is selected. The "M" / "A" toggle switch simply turns the machine on and off ("Marche" / "Arrêt"). The "START-STOP"/"CONTINU" switch probably has the same function as with the Hell-80: the unit can operate in the asynchronous/quasi-synchronous Feld-Hell mode (ignoring received start pulses), or in the synchronized start-stop mode.

Figure Q17: Controls and fuse on the front of the unit

US SECRET SERVICE HELLSCHREIBER PRINTERS MODEL AR-2, AR-3, TP-3, TP-3a, ATP-2 AND ATP-3

During a web-search in March of 2019, I stumbled upon several declassified documents in the public Electronic Reading Room of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). They refer to four Hellschreiber printer models: the AR-2, AR-3, Tape Printer TP-3, and the Automatic Tape Printer ATP-3. They were developed during the mid-late 1950s, for use with certain secret radio communication systems, commonly referred to as "spy radio sets" or  "agent radio sets". The actual extent of the in-service use of these printers by agents, special forces, and other organizations is unknown.

Ref. 44A (April 1956) reports on tests performed with the RS-13 agent Radio Set.These tests included the AR-2 Hellschreiber printer:

• The RS-13 tests in question were conducted in April of 1956. The base station was located in Ft. Pierce on the Atlantic coast of southern Florida, and field station 825 miles away, somewhere in the "North Atlantic Area". Hellschreiber transmissions were only done in the direction of base to field station.
• "The set screws of the helix ...", i.e., the unit  has the classic Hellschreiber printer spindle, most likely with a standard 2-start thread.
• "Vibrator hash  from the RS-13 power supply was evident in the receiver, particularly when the AR-2 was in use".
• Here, a "vibrator" is an electro-mechanical DC-DC voltage up-converter. "Hash" is broad-band electrical noise, caused by the switching actions in the  "chopper" converter. When the load draws more current, the "hash" is stronger.
• Sensitivity control on the AR-2 printer appeared to have no effect on the printer.
• The Hellschreiber paper tape backed up into the tape slot once, while printing a broadcast from Base, binding the tape puller.
• The AR-2 printer was used in combination with an RR-6A receiver, This receiver is part of the AS-6A "spy" set.
• For the given equipment and radio propagation conditions, the readability of the copy printed by the AR-2 varied from 20-100%. Low percentage readability did not cause difficulties, as an endless [punch?] tape was used in the Hellschreiber-keyer at the base station, and the message were repeated until the field station acknowledged receipt. This extended the total contact time by no more than 30-40 sec on average per contact. Copy of CW traffic from the base station was consistently 100%. It was evident that "ample base power" will be required for Hellschreiber traffic transmissions.

The RS-13 was a "High speed Agent-to-Sub Base Communication System" set, ref. 44C, 44V. An interesting detail of the RS-13 set, is the 300 words/minute (25 characters/sec) CW keyer, see Fig. R1. This is a small motorized unit, that pulled-in a paper tape on which the message to be sent was hand-marked with electrically conductive "IBM Electrographic" pencils (originally developed in 1937 for use with test scoring machines). A clear plastic stencil was used to draw conductive zigzag lines across the paper tape, representing the "marks" in the marks-and-spaces CW transmission, see Fig. R1. The tape was pulled through the keyer and scanned with four spring-loaded contacts. When a zigzag line was detected, the FSK transmitter was keyed.

Figure R1: The tape-reader/keyer of the RS-13 set with clear plastic stencil, special pencils, and encryption instructions

(source: ref. 44C, D. Vreisleben)

Ref. 44D (March 1956) provides some information about the small motor used in the AR-2 printer of the RS-13 radio set:

• 2080 rpm, governed.
• 4:1 down gearing. Hence, the "capstan" (helix, spindle) turned at 520 rpm.
• Note: the 2-start spindle of the German WW2 Feld-Hellschreiber turned at 525 rpm.
• 1.2 oz.in. torque (≈0.85 N.cm, more than twice what was considered to be needed).
• The motor was selected by NEMS-Clarke, which suggests that this company also built the entire AR-2 printer.
• This company resulted from the 1951 merger of Clarke Instruments (manufacturer of "spy" radios, ref. 44H) and National Electric Machine Shops (NEMS). Its name changed to changed to Vitro Electronics after being acquired by Vitro Corp of America in 1957.

Per ref. 44J1 (December 1955), the R&D and Production Review Board reviewed and approved the operational characteristics of the AR-2, and directed the Engineering dept. to build an additional nine AR-2 units at the Lab, and prepare 20 instruction books. The board also directed Engineering to proceed with the development of a smaller, transitorized version of the AR-2. This may have been the TP-3 printer discussed below.

Per ref. 44J3 (June 1956), the Laboratoy was to construct five AR-2 units for operation from a 6 volt source, and an unspecified number of AR-3 units. Of the latter, four were to be built for operation from a 6 volt source, the remaining units from 12 volt. At the time, only two Hellschreiber senders were on hand, and procurement of an additional ten senders was to be requested.

Ref. 44J2 (June 1956) mentions that five ATP-2 "facsimile" printer systems were completed and two delivered to Operations & Training for evaluation.So far, I have not been able to locate any other info about this model...

Ref. 44E (December 1957) is entitled "Preliminary Evaluation of TP-3, Hellschreiber Transistorized Printer". From this title, we can already learn three important things: the TP-3 is a Hellschreiber, it has built-in "solid state" electronics (printer driver, pulse detector, possibly a tone filter), and it is a "printer-only" machine (i.e., no keyboard or punch-tape reader sender).

• Tests were conducted early December of 1957, including by reception of commercial shortwave Hell transmissions.
• Two units of model TP-3a were tested: serial nr. 462 and 463. The model sufix "a" suggests that the tested units already included design improvements compared to the initial model TP-3. The serial numbers above 400 suggest that the tested units were not prototypes (unless"46x" or "4xx" is not part of the real serial number, but, e.g., refers to a batch number).
• The units were tested in combination with the following "spy radio" receivers and transmitter/receiver sets:
• RR-2B. This is the AM/SSB/CW Radio Receiver of the Radio Station RS-1, and is nearly identical to the RR-2. It covers 3-24 MHz with three bands. The radio transmitter of the RS-1 set is the RT-3. It covers 3-22 MHz with 4 bands. It has an output power of 12-15 W below 15 MHz, and 10-12 W above 15 MHz. Compatible power supplies are the RP-1 and RP-2.
• RS-6 and RS-6A. This radio set was developed in the early 1950s in the USA by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and built by Motorola (ref. 44G). It is the miniaturized version of the RS-1 set. The RR-6 receiver covered 3-15 MHz (4.5-22 MHz for the RR-6A) with two bands. The RT-6 CW transmitter 3-16.5 MHz, also with two bands. Transmitter output power: 6-10 W. Production appears to have been terminated in 1953, while operation continued into 1962.
• RS/A-11. The "A" model set was the predecessor of the "B" and "C" model. The latter was prototyped late 1956. The set comprises an RT-11 transmitter and and RR-11 receiver. RS/C-11 frequency range: 4-16 MHz, covered by two bands. Transmitter output power: 6 W.
• 51J-4. This is a standard Collins desktop shortwave receiver (540 kHz - 30.5 MHz).
• The printer accepted 1000 Hz tone pulses and on/off keying (open/ground).
• Initially, the speed governor of serial nr. 462 was malfunctioning, resulting in the printed text being severely slanted downward. This implies a standard “2 line” Hellschreiber and motor that is running too fast. After several hours running time, the governor began to wear-in and function properly. This suggests a simplistic (and inferior) "friction brake" governor, as used in the French Thomson Hellschreiber printer/keyboard-sender, also from that era. I.e., not a centrifugal governor.
• The slanting problem was independent of the power supply: serial nr. 463 worked fine with all battery packs that were used with nr. 462. This implies that the TP-3 did not have a built-in power supply.
• Further testing was planned “under full field conditions” during upcoming tests of the RS-16 radio set. The latter set was a High-Speed Agent Communications System, developed early 1957, and in operational service through 1961.

Ref. 44F (April 1959) mentions a TP-3 Hellschreiber that was evaluated during March of 1959, while testing the "Automatic Agent Set" (Automatic Station) AS-3:

• "....feasibility of field reception on the TP-3 was well established", though erratic tape speed was observed.
• "The use of Hellschreiber for operating signals... was found to be cumbersome at both field and base ends".
• "....absence of AVC [Automatic Volume Control] in the RR/D-11 was a handicap in copying Hellschreiber, because of the narrow dynamic range of the TP-3. After the receiver and TP-3 gain controls had been adjusted for good printing, normal transmission fading, for which the RR/D-11 does not compensate, resulted in blank spots in the tape."
• "Both stations were most anxious about the status of the reusable TP-3 tape and felt that the operational usefulness of the TP-3 would be greatly increased when reusable water washable tape is available. The field was promised sample tape rolls and ink as soon as they are received." This is quite interesting!
• "Insertion of the tape into both TP-3 units was extremely difficult and time consuming, and the field requested that a better method be investigated for threading tape into the TP-3."
• "...made the suggestion that the TP-3, which has an input impedance of 25,000 ohms, be equipped with an alternate input of 8 ohms impedance for operation directly from the voice coil of short wave receivers...“ (i.e., the loudspeaker output).

In October of 1957, five TP-3 motors were tested (ref. 44S). The speed government of these small 12 volt / 100 mA DC motors varied significantly by serial number. Speed variation further increased when components were installed to suppres motor hash and over the specified temperature and supply voltage range. By April of 1959 the required speed accuracy was still not met (ref. 44N3). By October of that year, new prototypes performed better, but stil required design optimizations.

Development of the AS-3 set started in 1956, with a final report available mid 1959. It was a solid-state replacement for the RS-1 and RS-6 mentioned above, and comprised the 3-12 MHz radio receiver RR/D-11 of the RS-11 set, the AT-3 transmitter (3-30 MHz, 25 W), and the AP-3 power supply. The AT-3 transmitter (not the receiver!) had one connector on the side for the TP-3 "Attach TP-3 printer here (or equivalent)", and one for the RR/D-11 receiver. I.e., the audio from the receiver was passed to the TP-3 via the transmitter.

Ref. 44B (June 1957) is an outline drawing of the TP-3 with its paper tape magazine, and its battery pack:

• Note 1 in the drawing mentions ATP-3 being used with RS-13B. Per ref. 44L2, this is the Automatic Tape Printer 3. Ref. 44Q also mentions the ATP-3 for the AS-3 set.
• The difference between TP-3 and ATP-3 is unclear. Possibly, the Automatic TP-3 included circuitry for remote on/off control, to enable unattended operation. The 1930s/40s Siemens-Halske "Presse Hell" printers included this feature, with time-delay and thermal-timer relays to detect a 0.5 sec "on" pulse and an 8 sec "off" pulse.
• The printer module measured 5 13/16 x 4 3/16 x 1 15/16 inch (WxDxH, ≈14.8x10.6x5 cm), excl. protruding controls and feet, and the paper tape magazine.
• Cylindrical tape magazine: diameter 5 13/16 inch (14.8 cm), protruded 4 1/8 inch (≈10.5 cm) behind printer unit and 2 13/16 inch (6.5 cm) above it.
• The power pack measured 6 x 3 3/16 x 1 3/4 inch (WxDxH, ≈15x8x4.5 cm). It used mercury-cell batteries.
• Based on its relative size in the drawing, the paper tape was almost 3/8 inch wide. This is similar to the standard 9.5 mm tape used by Siemens-Halske start-stop Hellschreibers (T typ 39, 44, 72 and 73).
• There are several controls on top of the printer unit, including two toggle switches.

Per ref. 44L2 (December 1958), one TP-3 was modified for use with, and checking of, the AS-3 station. Modifications are motor speed control via a rheostat (variable resistor), and circuitry to suppress power supply hash. Ref. 44M (December 1959) describes excessive rpm variations, observed during lab evaluations of a miniature DC motor for the TP-3 printer. Like the AR-2, the ATP-3x used a 6 volt battery pack (ref. 44R).

The printer housings were probably aluminum. For the ATP-3, both sand casting and investment casting (a.k.a. "lost-wax casting") were evaluated (ref. 44N, 44P). Die casting (similar to investment casting, but injection molded into a machined mold, rather than gravity molded into a one-time mold) may have been to expensive for the rather small production volume. Ref. 44U shows the equipment label position on the housing.

So far, further research has not surfaced any other information about the printers refernced above: no manufacturer, no spec sheet (incl. size, weight, tape width), no description, no operating manual, no photos… Also, no reference to AR-1, TP-1, ATP-1, ATP-2.  If you have any information about these printers, please contact me!

REFERENCES

• Ref. 1: Le Matériel Téléphonique (L.M.T.)
• Ref. 1A: "L.M.T. Laboratories 7-Frequency Radio-printer", L. Devaux, F. Smets, in "Electrical Communication" (quarterly journal of International Standard Electric Co.), Vol. 17, No. 1, July 1938, pp. 22-34
• Ref. 1B: "Der 7-Frequenz-Funkschreiber der Les Laboratoires L.M.T.", L. Devaux, F. Smets, in "Elektrisches Nachrichtenwesen" (German edition of "Electrical Communication" of International Standard Electric Corp.), Volume 17, Nr. 1, December 1938, pp. 22-34
• Ref. 1C: "Radio Teleprinting" [7-tone L.M.T. system], in "The Wireless World", 9 March 1939, p. 294.
• Ref. 1D: "Der 7-Frequenzen-Schreiber" [7-tone printer], pp. 166-167 in "Fernmeldetechnik", Band 9 of "Lehrbücher der Feinwerktechnik", Fritz Schiweck, 1^st ed., 1942, 526 pp., C. F. Winter'sche Verlagsbuchandlung
• Ref. 1E: "Der 7-Frequenzen-Schreiber", Fritz Schiweck, Section 9.5.5, p. 378 in Band 9 of "Lehrbücher der Feinwerktechnik", 4^th ed., C. F. Winter'sche Verlagsbuchandlung, 1962, 894 pp.
• Ref. 1F: "Description de système radiotélégraphique imprimeur décomposée de Laboratoire LMT", L. Devaux, F. Smets in "L'Onde électrique : Revue mensuelle de la Société des électriciens, des électrotechniciens et des radioélectriciens", Vol. 17, Nr. 197, 1938, pp. 217-246
• Ref. 1G: Sheet 8 in "Transmitter - Receiver Sets", Section 2.2, A.L. No. 55, 49809-1(8), 21 January 1946, SubCommittee for the Investigation of German Electronic and Scientific Organisation (SIGESO Reports Vol. 4, Part-2). Source: cdvandt.org
• Ref. 2: Teletype (documents 2E-2T are courtesy Jim Haynes (W6JVE), used with permission)
• Ref. 2A: "Grundlagen der Springschreibertechnik" (Part 1-5) [start-stop synchronization], F. Schiweck, Telegraphen-, und Fernsprech-Technik, Jg. 25, Nr. 3, March 1936, pp. 53-57, Nr. 4, April 1936, pp. 91-97, Nr. 6, June 1936, pp. 139-144, Nr. 9, September 1936, pp. 245-250, Nr. 11, November 1936, pp. 307-313 – 31 pp. total; also: Fernmelde-Technik, 1937, Siemens & Halske A. G., Wernerwerk, Berlin-Siemensstadt, 26 pp. ; also: SH. 6623, 1939, 26 pp.
• Ref. 2B: "The Teletype Story", Teletype Corp., 1957, 38 pp. [hires pdf, 21 MB] [low-res pdf, 4 MB]
• Ref. 2C: "History of teletypewriter development", R.A. Nelson, K.M. Lovitt (ed.), Teletype Corp., October 1963; source: rtty.com
• Ref. 2D: "A brief history of the Morkrum Company", Howard L. Krum, ca. 1925; source: rtty.com.
• Ref. 2E: Specification S-5226 "Description of Teletype Model 17 Radio Printer System Using 7 Line Character Pattern" Issue 1 of 1939, Teletype Corp., 5 pp.
• Ref. 2F: Specification S-5186 "Adjustment of the Radio Distributor (Model 17)", Issue 1, October 1938, Teletype Corp., 9 pp.
• Ref. 2G: Specification S-5286 "Description and Adjustments of the Teletype REC17 Rectifier", Issue 1, January 1941, Teletype Corp., 2 pp.
• Ref. 2H: Specification S-5287 "Instructions for Mounting an REC-17 Rectifier on an SXT-1 Table Using the 101485 Set of Parts", Issue 1, January 1941, Teletype Corp., 1 pp.
• Ref. 2J: Specification S-5288 "Lubrication Supplies and Directions for Use", Issue 1, January 1941, 2 pp.
• Ref. 2K: Specification S-5298 "Instructions for Adjusting, Lubricating and Preparing Model 17 Radio Printers for Operation", Issue 1, March 1941, Teletype Corp., 16 pp.
• Ref. 2L: Bulletin No. 1096: "Parts, Scanning Distributor (Model 17)", Issue 1, July 1942, Teletype Corp., Teletype Corp., 24 pp.
• Ref. 2M: WD-1747 "Wiring Diagram - Table for 17 Type Printer System", Issue F, March 1941, Teletype Corp.
• Ref. 2N: WD-1902 "Wiring Diagram - 17 Type Rectifier Amplifier" (power supply), Issue A, April 1941, Teletype Corp.
• Ref. 2O: WD-2004 "Wiring Diagram - Transmitter X-12 Type 17 Printer System", Issue A, December 1940, Teletype Corp.
• Ref. 2P: WD-2012 "Wiring Diagram of Facsimile Syn. Motor", Issue C, March 1941, Teletype Corp.
• Ref. 2Q: WD-2014 "Actual and Schematic Wiring Diagrams of REC17", Issue A, January 1941, Teletype Corp.
• Ref. 2R: WD-2036 "Wiring Diagram for 17 Type Printer Transmitting Table", March 1941, Teletype Corp.
• Ref. 2S: D-2039 "Wiring Diagram of Receiving Station Cable Connections between Apparatus Units. 17 Type Printer System", March 1941, Teletype Corp.
• Ref. 2T: Instruction Manual No. 6 "Teletype Model 17 Radio Printer Systems" [only lists applicable documents], March 1941, Teletype Corp., 1 p.
• Ref. 2U: Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 4. Works of Art, Etc., 1938, New Series, Volume 33, No. 1; No. 4, 1938, Classes H-K; Library of Congress. Copyright Office; p. 229: "Teletype model 17 mobile radio printer" (reference only, no text or images).
• Ref. 3: Correspondence of & between EMA, the Dutch P.T.T., and the Dutch news agency ANP, about commercial aspects (pricing, conditions, etc.) of EMA Hell-printers, Hell-sender, accessories, and supplies; source: Nat'l Archives of The Netherlands, catalog ref. nr. 2.9.212, inventory nr. 360, 370, 379:
• Ref. 3A: 17-May-1946 - letter (in German), from EMA to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; price quotations for EMA Hellschreiber printer
• Ref. 3B: 21-April-1947 - declaration from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Gen. Director Mr van de Pol) to the Dutch P.T.T. about sale to the P.T.T. of Hell-printers and Hell-senders from EMA via N.V. Handelsmaatschappij G. Halbertsma (representative of EMA in The Netherlands)
• Ref. 3C: 5-December-1947 - internal document of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; list of conditions to impose when ordering Hellschreiber equipment from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland.
• Ref. 3D: 18-May-1949 - letter (in Dutch) from the Dutch P.T.T. to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), requesting when & how the 2 Hell-printers destined for Aneta/Indonesia were paid to the P.T.T., when the 5 Hell-printers destined for ANP correspondents in Willemstad/Curacao and Paramaribo/Surinam, will be paid, and were the 13 remaining Hell-printers are, that were returned to the EMA factory.
• Ref. 3E: 2-June-1948 - note (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Dir., Mr van de Pol) to the board of the Dutch P.T.T. in The Hague/The Netherlands, confirming intent to order 2 Hell-senders from Siemens (for the Dutch P.T.T. in Dutch Indonesia), cancelling order of equipment from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland, who have scandalously let the ANP down.
• Ref. 3F: 2-June-1948 - note (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Dir., Mr van de Pol) to N.V. Handelsmaatschappij Halbertsma in Utrecht/The Netherlands (representative of EMA/Switzerland; Mr. Smidt) about unconditional return of malfunctioning Hell-printers to EMA.
• Ref. 3G: 28-October-1948 - letter (in Dutch) dated , from the accounting dept. of the Dutch P.T.T. to ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; unpaid down-payment for two Hellschreiber senders and two printers.
• Ref. 3H: 1949 - billing/invoice from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands to the Dutch National Radio and Telephone Service (Lands Radio- en Telefoondienst) in Willemstad/Curacao for various Hellschreiber equipment (EMA and Siemens)
• Ref. 3J: 21-February-1949 - price quote from EMA to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, for spare parts and supplies.
• Ref. 3K: 11-July-1949 - final billing (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, to the Dutch P.T.T., per agreement of 21-April-1947. Debit: EMA Hellschreiber senders, EMA Hellschreiber printers. Credit: used EMA Hellschreiber printers.
• Ref. 3JL: 21-November-1949 - telex message from EMA to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; quoting pricing for EMA Hell-printers.
• Ref. 3M: 22-December-1949 - billing/invoice from the Dutch P.T.T. (Head office Telegraphy, Telephony, and Radio) to ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; for EMA Hellschreibers.
• Ref. 3N: 5-January-1950 - final billing/invoice from the Dutch P.T.T. to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), for EMA Hell-printers and Hell-senders sold by ANP to the P.T.T., and Hell-printers sold by the P.T.T. to ANP.
• Ref. 3O: 18-January-1950 - billing/invoice from the Dutch P.T.T. to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), for an EMA Hell-printer delivered to the Dutch newspaper "De Waarheid".
• Ref. 3P: 21-November-1951 - price quote from EMA to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, for the EMA Hell-printer model HPr4.
• Ref. 4: 1950 average income in The Netherlands
• Ref. 4A: "Inkomens van natuurlijke personen 1925-1973", Table 2 in a 1979 study; title unknown, author unknown.
• Ref. 4B: p. 54 in "Meer auto voor minder geld", pp. 54-58 in "Kampioen", ANWB (Dutch Automobile Association), November 1992
• Ref. 5: non-commercial correspondence about EMA Hellschreibers between EMA, the Dutch PTT, the Dutch news agency ANP, and ANP-intern; source: Nat'l Archives of The Netherlands, catalog ref. nr. 2.9.212, inventory nr. 360, 370, 379:
• Ref. 5A: 20-January-1948 - letter (in German), from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; notification to ANP of excessive bearing friction, and retrofit.
• Ref. 5B: 7-June-1948 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; response to letter from ANP to EMA, dated 4-June-1948. EMA does not accept ANP claims beyond contractual agreement, for modifications and improvements. Two printers returned to EMA have been adjusted and now work flawlessly. EMA refuses to take the units back and refund ANP. EMA declines responsibility for delays regarding the sender equipment by a company in Rome (sub-contractor to Siemens).
• Ref. 5C: 5-August-1948 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands: mentions EMA Hellschreiber printers operational at Sportinformation Zürich, Agence Cosmographique, Zürich (stock market news), and the Swiss PTT in Bern.
• Ref. 5D: 8-December-1948 - note (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr. Lysen) to the Dutch P.T.T. in The Hague/The Netherlands, about 20 EMA Hell-printers: 18 still being upgraded at the factory in Switzerland, 2 of which ready for shipment by EMA; 2 of 20 transferred to Aneta news agency in Batavia (Dutch East Indies), 1 of which already covered by adjusted billing.
• Ref. 5E: 17-December-1948 - internal document (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; report about visit of the EMA company in Meilen/Switzerland, including test of EMA Hell-printers with signals from Reuters on longwave and shortwave; sensitivity (printer amplifier gain) on shortwave considered insufficient.
• Ref. 5F: 23-December-1948 - internal document (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; report of tests with EMA Hellschreiber printers; radio receiver gain plus printer amplifier gain insufficient for weak signals - additional amplifier stage to be built into the EMA printer; after 10-12 hours of operation, the speed has drifted so much, that the speed regulator could no longer compensate; problem with burned-out 125/145/220/250 volt transformer.
• Ref. 5G: 10-January-1949 - internal note (in Dutch) from the Chief telegraphist (Mr. H. Mater) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; EMA printer only works with strong signals, ink-roller shaft has too much friction and roller often does not turn freely; printer often needs to run 15 minutes after power-up before it prints properly. After printing a long time, impossible to adjust speed for straight printing.
• Ref. 5H: 10-January-1949 - Internal document (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherland; summary of correspondence between ANP and Hellschreiber manufacturer EMA of Meilen/Switzerland, including quality/performance problems.
• Ref. 5J: 10-January-1949 - 7 pages of Hell-tape, printed with an EMA HS-125 by the Dutch news agency ANP.
• Ref. 5K: 3-February-1949 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands; notification that two Hellschreiber senders have been built (despite lack of cooperation from Siemens and Radiar) and are being endurance-tested; 4 Hellschreiber printers were shipped on 26-january, six more are about to be shipped, six more to be shipped with the two senders in 10 days.
• Ref. 5L: 14-February-1949 - report (in German) from the Chief telegraphist (Mr. H. Mater) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, about 4 EMA Hellschreiber printers received on 11-Feb-49. Two were working, one needed a tube replaced, one could not be made to print straight. These printers had an additional amplifier stage built in, and are much more sensitive. The promised thermo-relays were not built in, so the printers will probably not run smoothly in the tropics.
• Ref. 5M: 24-Feb-1949 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland (Mr. Diemer) to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Gen. Director Mr. van de Pol); EMA will make a compact printer model (as presented to Mr van de Pol during his visit of EMA) available for evaluation by ANP.
• Ref. 5N: print-outs made with an EMA Hellschreiber of a Reuters transmission.
• Ref. 5O: 18-March-1949 - internal letter (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (from Mr. B. Veltman to Mr. van den Bogaert); 6 modified EMA Hell-printers received (serial nr. 57-59, 63-65) from EMA. Serial nr. 57, 59, 63, 64 work OK, smoothly, good printing quality; serial nr. 66 runs too slow - speed regulator disassembled, reassembled & adjusted, then ran fine; serial nr. 58 does not run at all - several resistors detached; resistors reconnected, then ran fine. Tested all machines for 1 week, 15 minutes a day - with few exceptions, all printers ran fine right away. In general, these machines are less reliable than Siemens printers, and should not be operated for extended periods. OK for intermittent operation, each time after 10 minutes running before using.
• Ref. 5P: 19-April-1949 - internal note (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), reporting satisfactory test transmissions with an EMA Hell-sender at facilities of the Dutch P.T.T.
• Ref. 5Q: 23-May-1949 - first page of letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands in response to a letter from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, of 11-May-1949, that reports dissatisfaction of the Dutch P.T.T. with the EMA Hellschreiber senders not being able to send figures/numbers. EMA claims it has pointed this out to the P.T.T., as Reuter news agency never transmits figures/numbers as such, only numbers written out in full (to avoid mistakes). Also, EMA can implement a lever mechanism, to interrupt the punch-tape transport, to simplify the insertion of such tape.
• Ref. 5R: 31-May-1949 - internal note (in Dutch) from the Chief telegraphist (Mr. H. Mater) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, about the EMA printers in the ANP radio rooms in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. In total 21 EMA Hell-printers: 6x model HSG-2 (serial nr. 104, 111-115, all OK, 2 missing ink-roller), 6x model HS125 with additional amplifier stage (serial nr. 57-59, 63-65, all OK), 2x model HS125 without additional amplifier stage (serial nr. 60, 62; nr. 60 with bad transformer and broken fuse holder, nr. 62 OK). Of these 21, 2 (1x HS125 1x HSG2) will go to Batavia/Dutch East Indies, 4 to Dutch West Indies, 14 are in the radio rooms, 1 with printer module missing and to be returned to EMA . In total 4 Siemens Hell-printers: 3 old model printers for long wave European traffic (news agencies DPD, CTK, NTB), 1 new model for short wave traffic (TASS), 1 new model in Amsterdam and 1 in Rotterdam; no replacement ordered yet for the new printer shipped to Curacao. Still awaiting ink rollers ordered from Siemens (as is ANETA in New York). Still awaiting replacement transformer from EMA for HS125 nr. 60, various parts for HSG2 nr. 111 and HSG-2 schematic. Questions what to do with the present EMA printers, and if EMA will add an amplifier-stage to HS125 serial nr. 62.
• Ref. 5S: 4-June-1949 - note (in Dutch) from the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Mr van der Kallen), to the Dutch P.T.T., that 2 of the 20 EMA Hell-printers are now at the Aneta news agency in the Dutch East Indies, 4 are at the "Lands Radio & Telefoondienst" [national radio & telephone service] in Willemstad/Curacao (Dutch West Indies), and 14 are in storage. Final billing will be done shortly, including for the 2 recently delivered EMA Hell-senders.
• Ref. 5T: 16-June-1949 - letter (in Dutch and German) from Halbertsma N.V. (representative of EMA in The Netherlands) to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, with request to return 2 EMA Hell-printers model HS125 (serial nr. 61 & 62), for replacement of transformer and building-in of an additional amplifier stage; the requested parts for printer type HSG2 will be shipped to ANP shortly.
• Ref. 5U: 16-July-1949 - letter (in German) from EMA in Meilen/Switzerland (Mr. Diemer) to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Gen. Director Mr van de Pol); follow up to letter from 24-February-1949; EMA will provide compact Hell-printer late August/early September for evaluation.
• Ref. 5V: 18-July-1949 - note (in Dutch) from Halbertsma N.V. (representative of EMA in The Netherlands) to the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands, about shipment of the final EMA Hell-printer model HSG2, and postponed visit of EMA (Mr. Freund) to ANP.
• Ref. 5W: 22-November-1951 - internal note (in Dutch) of the ANP news agency in The Hague/The Netherlands (Chief Engineer Mr Mater to Gen. Dir. van de Pol) about Hell-service. Hell-reception on shortwave requires a good antenna, stable communications receiver, Hell-amplifier, Hell tape-printer. Tape-printer is preferred over sheet-printer, as the latter loses synchronization during signal fading, leading to lost or incorrectly printed text. Amplifier and tape-printer from Siemens, as EMA equipment is not robust enough (e.g., EMA printer hammer-blades; spare parts hard to get from EMA). For shorter distances (e.g., within Europe) and on longwave, sheet-printers can be used, and are less expensive for large texts. The Minerva company in Austria makes a receiver with built-in amplifier for Hell-printer, but was temporarily not available due to currency exchange issues.
• Ref. 6: EMA brochures, manuals, and schematics
• Ref. 6A: HSG2 schematic, dated 17-December-1945
• Ref. 6B: 2-page operating instructions (in English) for EMA Hell-printer model HSG2
• Ref. 6C: "EMA Hell-Printer Type 125", 2-page manual (in German), 1-page component list, 1-page schematic dated 12-March-1947.
• Ref. 6D: EMA brochure for Hell-printer model HS125, in English, French, and German, 4 pages.
• Ref. 6E: "Gebruiksaanwijzing EMA Hellschrijver", 3-page manual for the HS125 (in Dutch)
• Ref. 6F: "Hell-Schreiber für direkte klarschrift drahtloser Nachrichtensendungen" [Hell-recorder for direct-printing of wireless news messages], 4-page EMA brochure (in German) for printer models HPr3 and HPr4.
• Ref. 6G: "Hell System tape Printer for the direct recording of wireless messages in plain characters", 4-page EMA brochure (in English) for printer models HPr3 and HPr4. Same content as ref. 6F.
• Ref. 7: Hellschreiber models built by RTF
• Ref. 7A: "Funkstation kleiner Leistung FK 1 und FK1a", Gerd Balg, 3 pp.  [pdf]
• Ref. 7B: "Der KVP / NVA Feldfernschreiber FSS.02-00001", Bernd Rothe (SK), V2.3, 23-Jan-2013, 26 pp.; used with permission.
• Ref. 7C: "Abtast-Telegrafen" [incl. Presse-Hell, Feld-Hell, 7-tone], chapter IV in "Taschenbuch für Fernmeldetechniker", H.W. Goetsch, Oldenbourg Verlag, 1940, pp. 411-427 of 787
• Ref. 7D: "Rundfunk- und Fernmelde-Technik" [wikipedia, in German]
• Ref. 7E: "Methodische Anleitung zur Ausbildung am Fernschreiber und Feldfernschreiber", Dienstvorschriften Kasernierte Volkspolizei DV-KVP 14/5, Entwurf (draft), 1955, 106 pp. Available at Bundesarchiv in Freiburg/Germany, Archivsignatur DVW 1-DRUCK/616.
• Ref. 7F: pp. 3, 82-85 in "Beschreibung und Bedienungsanweisung der Funkstation FK 1a", DV-44/14, Deutsche Demokratische Republik - Ministerium für Nationale Verteidigung; Berlin, 1956, 142 pp.
• Ref. 7G: personal account of Bruno Schwedler (frmr. ATF instructor at the Signal school in Halle-Saale), Dessau-Roßlau/Germany, 2012.
• Ref. 7H: "Bedienungsanleitung für den RFT-Abtast-Fernschreiber ATF-0001", 1-page operating manual from the inside of the lid of the ATF carrying case; courtesy B. Rothe (SK)
• Ref. 7J: "Der Stimmgabelgenerator", in "Funk-Technik - Zeitschrift für das gesamte Elektro- Radio- und Musikwarenfach", Nr. 5, March 1948, p. 114
• Ref. 7K: schematic of the ATF-0001
• Ref. 7L: blank "Fernschreiben, Fernspruch, Funkspruch" (telegram, radiogram) forms of the NVA: VD-J 13a, Fbl. 203 FS-ST, Fbl. GST 101 Na, Fbl. NVA 40 803, Fbl. VD-I 13, Fbl.
• Ref. 7M: "Repairing vibrators for DC to DC convertors"; source unknown.
• Ref. 7N: "Elektronischer Ersatz für elektromechanische Zerhacker" [electronic replacement for electromechanical choppers], Jochen Jirrmann, DB1NV, in "Funkamateur", FA 9/10, 2010, pp. 936-937  See note 1 at bottom of page.
• Ref. 7P: "Alternative Spannungsversorgung zu Anodenbatterie oder Zerhacker" [replacing electromechanical choppers with series of DC-DC converters], Bernd Beckmann (DJ9PE), in "Funkamateur", FA 6/18, p. 537  See note 1 at bottom of page.
• Ref. 7Q: "Der Zerhacker W Gl 2,4a und MZ 60001", in "Funk-Technik - Zeitschrift für das gesamte Elektro- Radio- und Musikwarenfach", Nr. 6, March 1948, pp. 146, 147, 150
• Ref. 7R: "Die Wechselrichter und Umrichter, ihre Berechnung und Arbeitsweise" [Zerhacker], Walter Schilling, 27 May 1940, R. Oldenbourg Verlag., 160 pp., OCLC Nr. 6139075. Table of content.
• Ref. 7S: "Nachrichtentechnik der Nationalen Volksarmee", Teil 1: "Funkmittel und Antennen 1956 - 1990", Günter Fietsch, Verlag für Technik und Handwerk, 1993, 432 pp.
• Ref. 7T: "Gruß aus der NVA an Oppin" in "Funkamateur", Nr. 10, 1957, p. 27
• Ref. 7U: article in (East-German) "Funkamateur", Nr. 9, 1961
• Ref. 7V: "Felddienst der Fernschreiber - Teil II: Feldfernschreiber (Entwurf)"  [File size:69 MB; a good-but-lower-resolution file is here 25 MB], Dienstvorschriften Kasernierte Volkspolizei DV-14/10a, draft, Tgb.-Nr. VII b/53/55, 1955, 80 pp. + schematic.
• Source: Bundesarchiv Freiburg, archive file nr. (Signatur) BArch DVW 1-DRUCK/640, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016".
• Ref. 7W: "Wo steht der Wechselrichtertechnik?", H.-J. Wilhelmy, pp. 3, 4 in "Funkschau", Vol. 12, Nr. 1, 1 January 1939. Retrieved 12 September 2019. [pdf]
• Ref. 7X: "Fundamental principles of vibrator power supply design", P.R. Mallory & Co., Inc., 1^st ed., 1947, 135 pp. Source: tubebooks.org, accessed 8 october 2021 [pdf]
• Ref. 7Y: "Zerhacker (Wechselrichter/Wechselgleichrichter) Type 51, Type 80", datasheet/Datenblatt, VEB Elektro-mechanik (EMB), Berlin-Pankow, Bp 11/56 15, November 1956, 1 p.
• Ref. 7Z: "Zerhacker für Hoch- und Niedervolt-Wechselrichter" ["Chopper for high- and low-voltage rectifier inverter], Werner W. Diefenbach, in "Helios - Fach-Export-Zeitschrift für Elektrotechnik und Funktechnik" ("Radio-Helios") , Vol. 16, 1939, Nr. 23, pp. 1405-1407.
• Ref. 8: Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo / Sony
• Ref. 8A: "Oral-History: Nobutoshi Kihara" (interview with Sony engineer), IEEE Global History Network, People and Organizations, January 2009.
• Ref. 9: Toho Denki K.K. / Matsushita
• Ref. 9A: "Chinese language becomes a bit faster”, Chris Moss, in "New Scientist", Vol. 77, February 1978, pp. 418-420
• Ref. 9B: "Oriental approach to transpacific transmission", Donald K. deNeuf (WA1SPM; SK), pp. 16, 18 in "Proceedings of The Radio Club of America, Inc.", Vol. 51, Nr. 1, March 1977
• Ref. 9C: "Hellschreiber - Nostalgie oder Realität?", Helmut Liebich DL1OY, in "Funkschau", 11/1990
• Ref. 9D: "Japan Devises New Facsimile System", p. 31 of 11 August 1968 in "Tri-City Herald" newspaper in Kennewick, Pasco, Richland, WA
• Ref. 9E: "The Hellschreiber System", pp. 11.1-11.3 in "Teleprinter Handbook", A. G. Hobbs (G8GOJ), E. W. Yeomanson (G3IIR), Arthur C. Gee (G2UK), Radio Society of Great Britain, 2^nd ed., 1983, 350 pp., ISBN 0900612592
• Ref. 10: RCA
• Ref. 10A: "Tape-Facsimile System", pp. 766, 777 in "Facsimile", R.E. Mathes, Section 20 in "The Radio Engineering Handbook", Keith Henney (ed.), 3^rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1941, 964 pp.
• Ref. 10B: "Tape facsimile: historical and descriptive note", Young, C.J., pp. 264-269 in "Radio facsimile - Volume 1", A.N. Goldsmith, A.F. Van Dyck, C.W. Horn, R.M. Morris, L. Galvin, (eds.), RCA Institutes Technical Press, 1938, 353 pp.
• Ref. 10C: "Tape Facsimile Synchronizing Systems", H. Shore, J.N. Whitaker, pp. 270-283 in "Radio facsimile - Volume 1", A.N. Goldsmith, A.F. Van Dyck, C.W. Horn, R.M. Morris, L. Galvin, (eds.), RCA Institutes Technical Press, 1938, 353 pp.
• Ref. 10D: "Practical applications of tape facsimile systems", J.N. Whitaker, F.C. Collings, pp. 284-293 in "Radio facsimile - Volume 1", A.N. Goldsmith, A.F. Van Dyck, C.W. Horn, R.M. Morris, L. Galvin, (eds.), RCA Institutes Technical Press, 1938, 353 pp.
• Ref. 10E: "A Wax-Paper Kymograph", Ralph Gerbrands, John Volkmann, pp. 498-501 in "The American Journal of Psychology", Vol. 48, No. 3, July 1936, pp. 498-501.
• Ref. 11: F.I.A.T.
• Ref. 11A: "List of parts for F.I.A.T. Hell Printer", part of "Hell Printer - Operating and Maintenance Instructions", Issue 2, July 1944, Document M 9501 (Tg), Office of the Engineer-in-Chief, Post Office Engineering Dept. (Radio Branch) GPO, London; courtesy British Science Museum, Blythe House inventory item 1974-190, used with permission.
• Ref. 12: British Post Office
• Ref. 12A: "Reuters' Wireless Services", W. West, in "The Post Office Electrical Engineers’ Journal", Vol. 39, July 1946, pp. 48-52
• Ref. 12B: Hell printers Nos. 1 and 1/T - spare parts", Issue 1, 16 January 1947, 2 pages in "Hell Printer - Operating and Maintenance Instructions", Issue 2, July 1944, Document M 9501 (Tg), Office of the Engineer-in-Chief, Post Office Engineering Dept. (Radio Branch) GPO, London, EC1 [note discrepancy between dates on both documents]
• Ref. 12C: page  (which refers to ref. 12D) in Chapter 7 of "Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret", Paul Gannon, Atlantic Books, 2007, 588 pp. Source: Paul Gannon Books.
• Ref. 12D: "Hellschreiber Code", and "Hell Telegraph Instruments", pp. 14, 15 and pp. 514-518 in Chapter 12 "Morse and Hellschreiber Instruments" in "Telegraphy", J.W. Freebody, 1^st ed., Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1959, 773 pp.
• Ref. 12E: components lists for Hell Printers No. 1 and 1-T: PO document M 9502 (Tg) and M 9508 (Tg) respectively.
• Ref. 13: US Signal Corps
• Ref. 13A: "Tape Facsimile Equipment RC-58-B" [109 MB; a low-res version is here (66 MB)], War Department Technical Manual TM 11-374, 23 February 1944, 145 pp. (courtesy Louis Gonzales, F5LG).
• Ref. 13B: "RC-58 Facsimile Equipment" [BC-918] in "Surplus sidelights", Gordon E. White, in "CQ: Amateur's Radio Journal", Vol. 24, nr. 3, March 1968, pp. 106-110
• Ref. 13C: "Un Convertisseur RTTY de surplus - le BC 908B" [modification of the BC908B (amplifier/filter unit of the RC-58B system) for RTTY], J.P. Vauchelle (F5QE), in "Radio-REF", November 1969, pp. 729-733.
• Ref. 13D: "Amerikaans Hell system", in "Reflecties door PA0SE" column by Dick Rollema (PA0SE), in "Electron", nr. 7, July 1980, p. 382 (courtesy Gerard Wolthuis, PA3BCB)
• Ref. 13E: "Facsimile Equipment RC-58-( )", Section V in "Installation of Radio and Facsimile Equipment in Shelter HO-17 ( )", US War Department Technical Manual TM 11-2737, May 1945, 20 pp. (courtesy Gary Lynch, KJ6EFH)
• Ref. 14: GRETAG
• Ref. 14A: "Movies by Television - Swiss Used Film of Oil for Theater-Size Image", Joseph Israels, in "Popular Science", January 1946, p. 94
• Ref. 14B: "What is Eidophor? Details on CBS's color system for theater TV viewing, as recently unveiled in New York", Radio & Television News, August 1952, p. 30
• Ref. 14C: "The History of the Eidophor Large Screen Television Projector", Heinrich Johannes, Gretag AG, 1989
• Ref. 14D: "Der Eidophor - Ein Grossbildprojektionssystem zwischen Kino und Fernsehen 1939–1999", Caroline Meyer, vol. 15 of " Interferenzen – Studien zur Kulturgeschichte der Technik", Chronos Verlag, 2009, 416 pp., ISBN 978-3-0340-0988-1
• Ref. 14E: "Anordnung zur Aufzeichnung von Impulsen mittels eines umlaufenden Schreibrades und einer Schreibleiste" [arrangement for printing of impulses with a revolving typewheel and piston], Joseph Lorbach (Hell company), Reichspatentamt, Patentschrift Nr. 732623, 27 Feb. 1941
• Ref. 14F: "Hitlers letzte Maschinen" chapter 2.17 in "Codeknacker gegen Codemacher - Die faszinierende Geschichte der Verschlüsselung", by K. Schmeh, W3L Verlag, 2^nd edition, 2007, 414 pp. [pdf]
• Ref. 14G: "Die Geschichte der "Hagelin-Cryptos"", Boris Hagelin, Crypto AG, lE 720, 1979, 64 pp.; source:www.cryptomuseum.com
• Ref. 14H: "The teletype ETK - Univocal combination teletype", Ingenieurbureau Dr. E. Gretener, Projekt lo9a, Akten-Nr. 188, 12 April 1945, 9 pp.
• Ref. 14J: "An Improved Telegraphic Printing System", Edgar Gretener, UK Patent 639241, filed 20 December 1947
• Ref. 14K: "ETK-R-Fernschreibanlage Mod. 55" [description and schematic], Funktionsbeschreibung Nr. 501-2 & 502-2, Dr. Edgar Gretener A.G., 44 pp.; source: www.armyradio.ch
• Ref. 14L: "Illuminated announcement and display signal", Frank W. Wood, United Sates Patent Office, patent nr. 974943, filing date 17 June 1908
• Ref. 14M: "Der Krypto-Funk-Fernschreiber KFF - Kurzbeschreibung und Bedienungsanleitung" [KFF-58], Reglemente der Schweizerischen Armee, 58.134d, 1960, 36 pp.; source:www.armyradio.ch
• Ref. 14N: "Die Endgeräte vom Morseschreiber bis zum Laptop", Rudolf J. Ritter, Vol. 14 of "Das Fernmeldematerial der Schweizerischen Armee", Merker Verlag, 2007
• Ref. 14P: "Die ETK-Fernschreibstation", Reglemente der Schweizerischen Armee, 58.122d, November 1953, updated 1957, 45 pp. Source: armyradio.wiki, accessed 23-Sept-2020.
• Ref. 14Q: "Das Telekryptogerät «TC 53» - Bedienungsanleitung; L'appareil télécrypto «TC 53» - Instruction de service", Dr. Edgar Gretener AG, 50 pp.; source: www.armyradio.ch
• Ref. 14R: "Analysis of Swiss ETK Teletypewriter", C.P. Seymour, L.B. Rosenberg, W.S. Dwinell, Wright Air Development Center (WADC) Technical Report (TR) 52-266, AF-WP-(S)-O-31 Jul 53 65, RDO No. 102-22, September 1952, 36 pp.
• Ref. 14S: website of the Stiftung Historisches Armeematerial Führungsunterstützung (HAMFU) and Interessengemeinschaft Übermittling (IG Uem)
• Ref. 14T: website of armyradio.ch (here in English)
• Ref. 14U: pp. 2 and 3 of description of the TFFA modem
• Ref. 14V: "Stromlaufplan TFA-Gerät ohne Automatik GR PS 22/3a" [schematic of the ETK47 modem], 1948
• Ref. 14W: "Der Krypto-Funk-Fernschreiber KFF 58: Grundlagen, Funktionen, Betriebstechnik, Simulation", Walter Schmid (HB9AIV), self-published, 2008, 269 pp.
• Ref. 15: FACIT
• Ref. 15A: "FACIT 4552 Strip printer - Technical description", 4552.13.01.Eng.10M.9.71, 12 pp, 1971 (courtesy Arie van Oijen, PE1AQB)
• Ref. 15B: "Facit 4552 Alphanumeric Strip Printer" [brochure], 4552.02.03 Eng 10M.12.72, 2 pp., 1972 (courtesy Arie van Oijen, PE1AQB)
• Ref. 15C: "Facit 4553 alphanumeric serial page printer" [sheet printer], 4553.02.03 Eng 5M.7.74, 4 pp., 1974, (courtesy Arie van Oijen, PE1AQB)
• Ref. 16: Creed
• Ref. 16A: "Creed and Company Limited - The First 50 Years", Alan G. Hobbs (G8GOJ, SK), Spring 1962 "Golden Jubilee" issue of "Creed News"; also reprinted in the Summer 1997 issue of "BARTG Datacom".
• Ref. 16B: "Creed model TR.105/I Teletape transceiver – part list no. PL.105", 2^nd ed., March 1960, Creed & Company Ltd., 24 pp.
• Ref. 16C: "Western Union Teletape Facsimile", L.G. Pollard, in "Western Union Technical Review", Vol. 2, Nr. 3, July 1948, pp. 93-98
• Ref. 16D: "Recording on TELEDELTOS Electrosensitive Paper -- Type L48 and L39", J. H. Hackenberg, F. L. O#Brien, in "Western Union Technical Review", Vol. 16, No. 2, April 1962, pp. 84-92
• Ref. 16E: "Teletape Transceiver Model TR. 105/1", Instruction Book FAX.105, Issue 2 of Booklet MB. 105, Creed & Company Ltd. (I.T.T.), January 1960, 71 pp.; includes full schematics.
• Ref. 16F: "Faksimile-System – Faksimile-Streifenschreiber TR 105 – Montage- und Wartungsanweisung, Einstellvorschriften", Standard Elektrik, 10 pp.
• Ref. 17: Thomson
• Ref. 17A: "Le Hellschreiber", Bernard Pauc, in "Radiofil Magazine", No. 42, Jan/Feb 2011, pp. 34-37.
• Ref. 18: copy of items in file ref. IOR/L/I/1/1210; File 464/26B(iii) "London Press Service: installation of Hellschreiber equipment (1947-1949)" Items are in the collection of the British Library; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 18A-18E.
• Ref. 18A: Letter from S.G. Pennells to Miss M.R. Bruce (Treasury Chambers, London), dated 12^th June 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 18B: Letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information, London) to Mr. K. Jowers (British Information Services, Karachi, Pakistan), dated 29^th July 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 18C: Letter from Lt. Col. R.N. Bobb (British Information Service, New Delhi, India) to Mr. Ralph Hall (Commonwealth Relations Office, London), dated 2^nd August 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 18D: Report to Mr. Lovell, Chairman of the Technical Working Committee of an interview with Mr. Cole, Manager of the Marconi Communications Division, dated Friday 10^th November 1948, 3 pages.
• Ref. 18E: Extract of report on the performance of Marconi equipment in India and Pakistan, in letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin to F.H. Raynes (Engineer in the Chiefs Office of the General Post Office (G.P.O.) Telegraph Branch), dated 30^th November 1948, 2 pages.
• Ref. 19: copy of items in file ref. IOR/L/I/1/1213 File 464/26B(vi) "Hellschreiber tests (1948)". Items are in the collection of the British Library; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 19A-19M.
• Ref. 19A: Letter from R.E. Hughes (General Post Office, Overseas Telecommunications Dept., London) to Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London), dated 20^th December 1947, 2 pages.
• Ref. 19B: First page of letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (C.R.O. Information Dept., London), dated 2^nd February 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 19C: List of London Press Service long & shortwave frequencies, 3 pages.
• Ref. 19D: Letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (CRO Information Dept., London), dated 8^th March 1948, 3 pp.
• Ref. 19E: Letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (CRO Information Dept., London), dated 6^th April 1948, 2 pages.
• Ref. 19F: Letter from Kenneth Jowers (Director, British Information Services (BIS), Karachi, Pakistan) to Mr. M. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information (C.O.I.), London), dated 17^th April 1948, 3 pages.
• Ref. 19G: Letter from Mr. M. McLoughlin (C.O.I., London) to Mr. R.W. Bishop (Palace Electrical Co. Ltd., London), dated 22^nd April 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 19H: Letter from Mr. Jowers (BIS, Karachi/Pakistan India) to Messrs. M. McLoughlin (COI, London) and Crawley (CRO, London), dated 21^st July 1948, 2 pages.
• Ref. 19J: Letter from Mr. D.D. Condon (Editor in Chief, BIS, New Delhi, India) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (CRO, London), dated 23^rd July 1948, 5 pages.
• Ref. 19K: Letter from Mr. Kenneth Jowers (Director at BIS, Karachi/Pakistan) to Mr. Howe, dated 31^st July 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 19L: Letter from Mr. Kenneth Jowers (Director at BIS, Karachi/Pakistan) to Mr. G.F. Crawley (CRO Information Dept., London), dated 8^th September 1948, 2 pages.
• Ref. 19M: Letter from K. Jowers (BIS, London) to Mr. M. McLoughlin (COI, London), dated 10^th September 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 20: copy of items in file ref. IOR/L/I/1/1214 File 464/26B(vii) "Hellschreiber Working Committee minutes (1948)". Items are in the collection of the British Library; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 20A-20C.
• Ref. 20A: Minutes of 3^rd meeting of the C.O.I. Hellschreiber Working Committee, 11^th February 1948, 5 pages.
• Ref. 20B: Minutes of 4^th meeting of the COI Hellschreiber Working Committee, 13^th April 1948, 7 pages.
• Ref. 20C: Part of the Minutes of 5^th meeting of the C.O.I. Hellschreiber Working Committee, 30^th June 1948, 4 pages.
• Ref. 21: sources of Pound Sterling inflation data (general cost of goods and services changes over time): thismoney.co.uk, bankofengland.co.uk, inflation.stephenmorley.org; retreived 21-March-2017.
• Ref. 22: copy of an item in file HW 14/70 "Directorate of Gov’t Code & Cypher School, WW2, EWT to NY with details of German Hell system (1943)". Item is in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 22A.
• Ref. 22A: Letter entitled "Hellschreiber", from Travis (Directorate of Gov’t Code & Cypher School) to Mr. Bayly (in New York), dated 18^th March 1943, 3 pages.
• Ref. 23: copy of items in file INF 12/419 "Hellschreiber Working Committee, technical reception arrangements (1948/49)". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 23A-23E.
• Ref. 23A: Letter entitled "Experiences of Reuters with Hell Printers and Relays provided through Post Office Channels", from E. Davis (Reuters) to Mr. Perkins (Post Office, Chief of Communications), dated 27^th February 1948, 3 pages.
• Ref. 23B: Extract from a personal letter from Angus Malcom (Head of Chancery, London) to Mr. Alan Dudley (British Legation, Mexico City), dated 30^th January (1948), 1 page. “We are still battling with Hellschreiber but I wish you’d take the bloody thing away.”
• Ref. 23C: Letter entitled "Marconi printer", by C.P. Hayter on behalf of Contracts Manager of Marconi’s Wireless telegraph Co. Ltd., to Mr. David St.J. Jones (Director of Contracts, Foreign Office, London), dated 1^st April 1948, 2 pages.
• Ref. 23D: First page of letter from Foreign Office to Mr. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information), dated 20^th July 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 23E: Letter entitled "Orders & estimated cost of Hell Equipment", from M. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information), dated 20^th November 1948, 1 page.
• Ref. 23F: "London Press Service: Transfer to Hellschreiber working – Statement by the central Office of Information", dated 23^rd March 1949, 4 pp.
• Ref. 24: copy of items in file CO 875/40/1 "London Press Service: Hellschreiber machines; CO PR Dept., CFC (1948)". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 24A-24D.
• Ref. 24A: Letter from M. McLoughlin (Central Office of Information, London) to O.J. Whitley (Colonial Office, Information Dept., London), dated 23^rd January 1948, 1 p.
• Ref. 24B: "Supply Position on Hell Printers and Relays", date unknown [1948], 1 page.
• Ref. 24C: "Notes on new model Hell Printer being supplied by Marconi W.T. Co. under Contract 51504", date unknown [1948], 1 page.
• Ref. 24D: London Press Service "Notes for Information Officers on the installation, working and general maintenance of [Hellschreiber] printers for reception of the London Press Service"; date unknown [1948], 11 pp.
• Ref. 25: copy of items in file CO 875/40/2 "London Press Service: Hellschreiber machines; CO PR Dept. (1949)". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 24A.
• Ref. 25A: Invoice from Central Office of Information to the Accountant of the Crown Agents for the Colonies, for Hellschreiber equipment for Post at Mauritius, Accra, Seychelles, Lagos; dated 1^st March 1949, 1 page.
• Ref. 26: copy of items in file INF 12/139 "Hellschreiber working committee, March-December 1947". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 26A-26G.
• Ref. 26A: "Notes of a meeting held in Mr. Lovell’s room, Central Office of Information, on 27^th March, 1947 to consider the relative merits of Hellschreiber and Teletype working as far as the London Press Service is concerned", by Mr. M. McLoughlin, 3 pp.
• Ref. 26B: "Report on visit to Messrs Klaxon Limited by Wing Commander Jowers of the Foreign Office and Mr. McLoughlin of the Central Office of Information on 28^th March 1947", dated 3^rd April 1947, 2 pp.
• Ref. 26C: Letter from Mr. Perkins (General Post Office, Telecommunications Dept., London) to L.H. Lovell (General Post Office, London), dated 5^th June 1947, 1 p.
• Ref. 26D: "Notes of a meeting held in Mr. Lovell’s room, Central Office of Information, on 26^th June, 1947 to consider the supply of Hellschreiber instruments, fix a new target dated to commence working, and examine the possibility of extending the service to the Americas at an earlier date", dated 30^th June 1947, 4 pp.
• Ref. 26E: "Supply of Hellschreibers", internal note from Mr. Lovell (Central Office of Information) to Mr. Routh, dated 30^th June 1947, 2 pp.
• Ref. 26F: Internal note from Mr. McLoughlin (COI) to Mr. Gore, dated 15^th August 1947, 2 pp.
• Ref. 26G: "Particulars of Posts in connection with the introduction of Hellschreiber [by London Press Service]", date unknown [mid-1947], 2 pages.
• Ref. 27: "Wage trends and wage policies: various foreign countries", Bulletin No. 934, US Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1948, 60 pp. [pdf]
• Ref. 28: ITU conference 1938; "Propositions transmises au bureau de l'union, pour être soumises à la conference" [proposals to be submitted to the ITU conference], Vol. 1 of "Documents de la Conférence internationale des radiocommunications di Caire (1938)", International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Bern; no English version available; source: ITU
• Ref. 28A: pp. 218, 219: proposal nr 392 R by C.I.N.A - "Considérations générales sur la largeur de bande des émetteurs de t.s.f. modulés par signaux Siemens-Hell" [general considerations about the bandwidth of radio transmitters that are modulated with Siemens-Hell signals]; at 5 chars/sec (punch tape operation), the 12-line Hell-font with a shortest pulse of 2 msec and shortest pause of 3.12 msec has a shortest cycle of 5.12 msec, hence a max cycle rate of 195 Hz, and 97.5 Hz with manual/keyboard operation at 2.5 chars/sec. Tests by Siemens-Halske, Cable & Wireless (UK), and the German Central Postal Authority (R.P.Z) have concluded that a applying a low-pass filter with a corner frequency of 230 Hz at the transmitter is sufficient, and results in 390 Hz occupied bandwidth.
• Ref. 29: "Bandbreitenfragen bei Anwendung der Siemens-Hell-Fernschreibtechnik" [signal bandwidth issues with A2 and A3 modulation], Rudolf Zimmermann, 7 pp., Technische Mitteilungen des Fernmeldewerks, Siemens & Halske A.G., Wernerwerk, Abteilung für Telegrafengerät, Berlin-Siemensstadt, May 1940, SH 7998, 1. 8. 40. T T1.
• Ref. 30: pp. 44-45 in "Organising the Propaganda instrument: The British Experience", by John B. Black, Martinus Nijhoff Publ., 1975, 116 pp.
• Ref. 31: "Research in the British Post Office", J. of the IEE, Vol. 75, issue 452, August 1934, pp. 133-151.
• Ref. 32: pp. 512-516, 524 in "Activities at Knockholt", J.A. Reeds, Appendix B in "Breaking Teleprinter Ciphers at Bletchley Park - General Report on Tunny with Emphasis on Statistical Methods (1945)", 1^st ed., I.J. Good, D. Michie, G. Timms (J.A. Reeds, W. Diffie, J.V. Fields, eds.), John Wiley & Sons, IEEE Press, 2015, 735 pp.
• Ref. 33: p. 85 in "COLOSSUS: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers", B. Jack Copeland et al (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2006, 480 pp.
• Ref. 34: copy of items in file AIR 14/3577 "Signals investigation on 27 to 35 Mc/s "Windjammer" (1943/1944)". Items are in the collection of The National Archives; material with UK Crown Copyright, used in accordance with the Open Government License [pdf].
• Summary of the contents of ref. 173A-173E.
• Ref. 34A: "'Windjammer" observation", by R.A. Fareday (Noise Investigation Bureau [Electronic Intelligence], N.I.B., London), dated 20^th June 1944, 1 page.
• Ref. 34B: ""Possible "Windjammer" transmissions", report by Flight Lieutenant Douglas of 192 Sq., dated 16^th December 1943, 1 page.
• Ref. 34C: "192 Squadron Flight report No. 215/43" by F/Lt Robinson to Squadron Leader Burtler, dated 15^th November 1943 (actual report by P/O G.F. Evans of 13^th November 1943), 6 pages.
• Ref. 34D: "Windjammer – Arcachon", letter from Air Ministry A.I.4. [intelligence branch section supervising RAF Y Service] to Commanding Officer of 192 Squadron, dated 16^th July 1943, 1 page + 1 aerial photo.
• Ref. 34E: "The windjammer and Dreh-Elektra", by 192 Squadron Leader J. Whitehead, dated 18^th June 1943, 1 page.
• Ref. 35: "The Hut Six Story - Breaking the Enigma Codes", Gordon Welchman, M & M Baldwin Publ., 6^th ed., 2011, 263 pp.
• Ref. 36: "Siemens – Hellschreiber / Marconi", internal memo of Telefunken Ges.f.drahtl.Telegraphie m.b.H., 21 May 1935, 1 page; source: corporate archives of DTM Berlin, part of file nr. I.2.060C-02427.
• Summary (in English) of the contents of ref. 36.
• Ref. 37: "Thermionic Relays (Trigger Type): Types W1 to W8", A. Cook, L.T. Arman, P.R. Hutton-Penman, General Post Office Engineering Department Radio Report No. 1276, Copy No. 18, 1938-1943, signed 14th January 1945, 11 pp.; BT Digital Archives, document ref. TCB 226/1276. This documents was obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine and is used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © Coventry University.
• Ref. 38: "Printer, Telegraph Hell No. 32", 1944. This photo was obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine (Finding Nr. TCB 417/E 12959) and is used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © BT Heritage.
• Ref. 39: "Hell amp and trigger apparatus. 21 January 1942". These photos were obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine (Finding Nrs. TCB 417/E 12134, 12135, 12136) and are used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © BT Heritage.
• Ref. 40: "Telegraph Tape Printer. 1943". These photos were obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine (Finding Nrs. TCB 417/E 12508, 12509, 12510, 12511) and are used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © BT Heritage.
• Ref. 41: "Hell Sender. 7 January 1945". This photos was obtained via The BT Digital archives search engine (Finding Nr. TCB 417/E 13260) and is used in accordance with the terms of the non-commercial Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-SA, © BT Heritage.
• Ref. 42: "The "Daily Express" Hellschreiber - A Short Description of an interesting High-Speed Recorder", pp. 104-106 in "Short Wave News", Vol. 1, No. 4, April 1946.
• Ref. 43: G.T.L. Telewriter:
• Ref. 43A: "A Portable Hellschreiber Variant", personal correspondence, David H. Jones, October 2011, January 2014, and April 2018, 4 pp.
• Ref. 43B: "TELEWRITER Working Instructions", YB 04159, The War Office, Whitehall, December 1945, 10 pp., printed by Fosh & Cross Ltd., London. Courtesy L. Meulstee.
• Ref. 43C: "Improvement in Electro-chemical telegraphs", Robert Smith, Alexander Bain, United States Patent no. 6837, 30 October 1849, 5 pp.
• Ref. 43D: "Use of electrochemical recording in medical instruments", N.K. Golobokii, pp. 70-73 in "Biomedical Engineering", Vol. 6, Issue 2, March 1972; retrieved 18 November 2018. [pdf of pp. 70, 71] [original article appeared in "Medistinskaya Tekhnika", nr. 2, March-April 1972, pp. 8-13].
• Ref. 43E: p. 2.3 in "Teleprinters", chapter 2 in "RSGB Teleprinter Handbook", A. Hobbs, E. Yeomanson. A. Gee, RSGB, 2^nd ed., 1973. [pdf]
• Ref. 43F: pp. 478, 479 in "The Royal Corps of Signals - A History of its Antecedents and Development", R.F.H. Nalder, 1958, Royal Signals Institution (publ.), London, 672 pp.
• Ref. 43G: pp. 160, 161 in "The History of British Army Signals in the Second World War: General Survey", R.F.H. Nalder, 1953, Royal Signals Institution (publ.), London, 377 pp.
• Ref. 43H: "Telewriter - First Echelon Work", Draft E.M.E.R. TELS T 223/1, Signals Research and Development Establishment (S.R.D.E.), Somerford, Christchurch Hampshire/England, March 1945, xx pp. [cover sheet pdf]
• E.M.E.R. = Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Regulation; TELS = EMER Group = Telecommunications, T = Section = Telephony; 22 = Equipment Designator = ???; 3 = Part Number; /1 = Mark.
• Ref. 43J: "Telewriter Procurement", Peter Prest, December 2018, 5 pp.
• Ref. 43K: "Letters from B. Robertson to the Science Museum in London, offering to donate his Telewriter", February/March 1968, 3 pp.
• Ref. 43L: Sheet 4 (pdf p. 8) in "Method of and apparatus for electrically recording and producing sound or other vibrations", Merle Duston, US Patent 2,030,973; Filed 13 August 1931, 12 pp.
• Ref. 43M: "Research Branch Secret War Diary", W. Gordon Radley, Dollis Hill General Post Office (GPO). Source: British Telecom (BT) Archives - The Dollis Hill war diary; two volumes: Volume 1 of 2, 216 pp. [file size 43 MB; a much smaller transcript file is here],  Volume 2 of 2, 144 pp. [file size 25 MB; a transcript file is here].
• Ref. 43M1: "Design and Construction of simple Telegraph Printer", diary entry for 9 July 1940, p. 41 in Volume 1 of 2.
• Ref. 43M2: "Design of a Simple Telegraph Printer", diary entry for 21 September 1940, p. 55 in Volume 1 of 2.
• Ref. 43M3: "Design of a Simple Telegraph Printer", diary entry for 27 November 1940, pp. 65/66 in Volume 1 of 2.
• Ref. 43M4: "Simple Telegraph Printer for Army Use", diary entry for 11 December 1940, p. 69 in Volume 1 of 2.
• Ref. 43M5: "Electrolytic paper strip for Army Lightweight Telewriter", diary entry for 16 March 1944, p. 232 in Volume 2 of 2.
• Ref. 43N: "Research is the Door to Tomorrow': the Post Office Engineering Research Station, Dollis Hill, 1933-1958" [key words: Colossus, telephone history, history of technology, Dollis Hill, Post Office Research Station, General Post Office, research and development, telecommunications, state-sponsored science], Rachel Boon, PhD thesis at The University of Manchester, December 2020, 286 pp. Source: manchester.ac.uk, retrieved September 2022. [pdf]
• Ref. 43P: "Telewriter - YB 02251", Appendix Z to "Signals Monthly Liaison Notes No. 7", 15 January 1944, 2 pp. Courtesy L. Meulstee.
• Ref. 44: CIA Hellschreiber printers:
• Ref. 44A: "RS-13 Tests", 30 April 1956, 7 pp., document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A000800130007-8 (sanitized / declassified / released 13 January 2014). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
• Ref. 44B: "ATP-3 Printer, Power-Pack, and Tape Magazine Layout", 1 pp. outline drawing, 6 June 1957, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080037-4 (sanitized / declassified / released 14 February 2012). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
• Ref. 44C: "Radio Set RS-13", Peter McCollum, 2017, source: militaryradio.com; retrieved 25 March 2019.
• Ref. 44D: "Commentary on the use of the AR-2 motor in the RS-13 radio set", 16 March 1956, 3 pp., document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A000800130013-1 (sanitized / declassified / released 9 January 2014). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
• Ref. 44E: "Preliminary Evaluation of TP-3, Hellschreiber transistorized printer", 19 December 1957, 2 pp., document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080068-0 (sanitized / declassified / released 14-Feb-2012). Retrieved 10 March 2019.
• Ref. 44F: "Trip Report – AS-3 Tests", 23 April 1959, 4 pp., document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A000900070004-7 (sanitized / declassified / released 30-Apr-2014). Retrieved 10 March 2019.
• Ref. 44G: "RS-6 Spy Radio Set", source: cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
• Ref. 44H: "The Father of Modern Spy Radios - Allen S. Clarke" [pdf], Terry O'Laughlin, pp. 14-21 in "Popular Communications", June 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
• Ref. 44J1: "Agenda - meeting no. 51 Research, Development and Production Review Board", 4 pp., 7 December 1955, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-05462A000100040018-2 (sanitized / declassified / released 16 February 2010). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
• Ref. 44J2: "Agenda Meeting No. 57 Research, Development and Production Review Board" [page 3: five ATP-3 printers completed], 13 June 1956, 6 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-05462A000100040009-2 (sanitized / declassified / released 27 April 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
• Ref. 44J3: "Agenda - meeting no. 57 Research, Development and Production Review Board", 9 pp., 13 June 1956, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-05462A000100040009-2 (sanitized / declassified / released 16 February 2010). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
• Ref. 44K: "June progress report governed speed D.C. motor" [TP-3 printer], date removed, 2 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03424A002000070003-1 (sanitized / declassified / released 19 September 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
• Ref. 44L1: "Monthly Report 1 September 1956 - 30 September 1956" [R&D Branch, Engineering Div., R&D Lab.; page 3: 6 volt and 12 volt ATP-3 facsimile printer], 30 September 1956, 4 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-02820A000100080003-9 (sanitized / declassified / released 27 April 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
• Ref. 44L2: "Monthly Report 1 December 1958 - 31 December 1958 - Research, Development and Production Review Board", 7 pp., 31 December 1958, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-02820A000400040068-9 (sanitized / declassified / released 3 August 2000). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
• Ref. 44M: "Development of a Miniature DC Motor for the TP-3 Printer", 3 pp., 30 December 1958, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03424A002000070001-3 (sanitized / declassified / released 19 September 2011). Retrieved 27 March 2019.
• Ref. 44N1: "Trip and Progress Report, ATP-3, Investigating the Use of Sand Castings - Arlington Bronze & Aluminum Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland", 2 pp., 29 August 1956, document nr. CIA-RDP78-02820A000100080022-8 (sanitized / declassified / released 27-April-2011). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
• Ref. 44N2: "Trip and Progress Report, ATP-3, Investigating the Use of Investment Castings", 6 pp., 29 August 1956, document nr. CIA-RDP78-02820A000100080025-5 (sanitized / declassified / released 27-April-2001). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
• Ref. 44N3: "Trip Report - TP-3 Motor Development with ... (sanitized)", 1 p., 30 October August 1959, document nr. CIA-RDP78-03424A002000070002-2 (sanitized / declassified / released 20-September-2011). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
• Ref. 44P: "title sanitized" [ATP-3: cost quotations from 4 suppliers for investment/die casting parts (case, cover, frame, clapper arm, pesure role holder, ink-roll holder, cradle, bearing block, magnet clamp, access port door) for 65 units], 29 August 1956, 4 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-02820A000100080024-6 (sanitized / declassified / released 16 July 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
• Ref. 44Q: "Conference Report Radio Station AS-3", 2 pp., 27 May 1957, document nr. CIA-RDP78-03330A004200010007-3 (sanitized / declassified / released 28-April-2014). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
• Ref. 44R: "Shipment of ATP-3x and RR/AA-11 to ... (sanitized)", 2 pp., 26 August 1957, document nr. CIA-RDP78-03424A002400090018-9 (sanitized / declassified / released 20-September-2011). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
• Ref. 44S: "TP-3 Motors", 2 pp., 19 November 1957, document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080074-3 (sanitized / declassified / released 14-Feb-20012). Retrieved 5 July 2019.
• Ref. 44T1: "Contract RD-122, AS-3 - rest of title sanitized" [report on March 1958 supplier monitoring visit, equipment weight, design improvements, TP-3 printer for RR/D-11 receiver], 27 March 1958, 3 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080072-5 (sanitized / declassified / released 14 February 2012). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
• Ref. 44T2: "Contract RD-122, AS-3 - rest of title sanitized" [report on May 1958 supplier monitoring visit, TP-3 printer], 26 May 1958, 2 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080071-6 (sanitized / declassified / released 14 February 2012). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
• Ref. 44U: "Engraving designations, printer case cover" [TP-3], 12 June 1957, 1 p., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03330A004100080036-5 (sanitized / declassified / released 14 February 2010). Retrieved 17 November 2020.
• Ref. 44V: "RS-13", Chapter 85 in "Wireless for the Warrior", Vol. 4, Supplement, Chapter 85, V1.03, Louis Meulstee, October 2017, 2 pp. Source: wftw.nl, retrieved 17 November 2020.
• Ref. 44W: "Final research and development report for governed speed 12-volt-DC motor" [TP-3 printer], 28 January 1959, 17 pp., document nr.: CIA-RDP78-03424A002000070004 (sanitized / declassified / released 19 September 2001). Retrieved 18 November 2020.

External links last checked: January 2016, unless stated otherwise.

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