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©2004-2021 F. Dörenberg, unless stated otherwise. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this publication may be used without permission from the author.


Latest page update: December 2021 (added & used ref. 245A).

Previous updates: October 2021 (added Fig. 29); May-June 2020 (added Fig. 26, updated the distance to the monitoring mast; added Fig. 28 & ref. 258); February 2020 (added refs. 210X-210AE, and 244A-244Q, Fig. 8C); October-November 2019 (uploaded complete map for ref. 210A, added maps ref. 210E-210W, added and used ref. 179).


red-blue line

BERNHARD INSTALLATION BE-0 AT TREBBIN/GLAU (Germany)

Map

Be-0 was the first "Bernhard" installation. Its construction started during the spring of 1941, after the frost had subsidided. It became operational in September of that year. See ref. 2A (p. 85), in ref. 181 (p. 72). Initially, it used for test and evaluation purposes. Later during the war, it was used as an active "Bernhard" for fighter guidance.

It was located in a wooded area between the villages of Glau and Mietgendorf, about 5 km to the northwest of the town of Trebbin and about 35 km southwest of down-town Berlin. The installation lies 400 meters northeast of the building complex of "Friedensstadt" ("Peace-Town") in Glau (ref. 260). This was a large social-religious estate that was built in the 1920s. The Weißenberg cult that ran the estate, was banned early 1935. The estate was confiscated, and taken over by the Waffen-SS late 1938. The SS operated an artillery school there (starting late 1941), and also Department 8 (Amt 8, "Forschung, Entwicklung, Patente"; R&D and patents) of the SS head-office ("Führungshauptamt"). The estate resumed its original functions in 1994.

Telefunken leased a site here in 1935 (ref. 180). This is also one of the sites where Telefunken conducted tests in 1940 of the 300 MHz UHF predecessor (20 watt transmitters) of the eventual 30 MHz HF/VHF Bernhard system. Ref. 2D, 85C, 101.

Be-0 was still operational early April of 1944 (ref. 179). On the 9 February 1945 Luftnachrichten chart (map, ref. 201Y, see Fig. 8C below), it is not marked "destroyed" whereas other radio navigation stations are. In an order of 18 March 1945 (p. 3 in ref. 245A), it is stated that Be-0 operated on frequency channel 26 ( = 30.0 + (26-1)x0.1 = 32.5 MHz), used identification letter "W", and was used for uplink of general "Reportage" ( = running commentary on enemy aircraft) and of commands to individual Luftwaffe units. It is unknown how long it remained operational after that.


Berhard station

Fig. 7: Be-0 is marked on a Luftwaffe night-fighter navigation chart

(source: ref. 244L)

Berhard station

Fig. 8A: Be-0 and some other beacons are marked on a Luftnachrichten map of June 1944

(source: ref. 210A)

Berhard station

Fig. 8B: Be-0 is marked on a Luftnachrichten map of July 1944

(source: ref. 210B)

Berhard station

Fig. 8C: Be-0 is marked on a Luftnachrichten map of 9 February 1945

(source: ref. 210Y)

Berhard station

Fig. 10A: The "Bernhard" installation at Trebbin

(source: Fig. 38 in ref. 181, also used in ref. 97)

Berhard station

Fig. 10B: The "Bernhard" installation at Trebbin - 27 December 1941

(source: ©Jørgen Fastner, used with permission)

Berhard station

Fig. 11: The Bernhard ring is visible at the yellow arrow; the "Friedenstadt" complex is visible along the bottom of the photo

(source: 1945 aerial photos K0-1645-4133 & -4134, US government = no © )

Berhard station

Fig. 12: The above 1945 aerial photo - zoomed-in on the fenced-in Bernhard site

(the monitoring-antenna mast is marked in magenta, ca. 220 m east of the center of the ring; also see Fig. 26)

Berhard station

Fig. 13: Mr. Albrecht Leyn (Telefunken) and a Lufwaffe Gefreiter (Lance Corporal) − Be-0 monitoring antenna mast in background (1942)

(source: ref. 182; note: Mr Leyn held the German amateur radio call sign D4BBK in 1935, ref. 220)

Berhard station

Fig. 14: Detailed layout of the Trebbin Bernhard-site, based on the sketch from an eyewitness

(source: ref. 180)

Compare the layout above to the zoomed-in aerial photo below:

Berhard station

Fig. 15: 1945 aerial photo - fully zoomed in on the Bernhard site


The layout of Fig. 14 suggests that the monitoring-antenna mast was located ca. 100 m to the east of the ring. As the 1945 aerial photo in Fig. 13 above shows, it is actually about 160 m. I have not yet been able to verify whether the concrete foundation has survived. These monitoring antennas were placed at a nominal distance of 500 m from the ring (ref. 183), but the distance of known mast locations of other Be-stations ranges from 400 to 1000 m. Keep in mind that Be-0 was basically a development and test station. The layout diagram also suggests that the "modulators" for the transmitters were located in the rotating cabin. The are actually located in the round equipment building below the rotating superstructure.

Berhard station

Fig. 16: Satellite image of the same area (ca. 2012)

(imagery: ©2012 DigitalGlobe, GeoBasis-DE/BKG, Geocontent, GeoEye; Map data © 2012 GeoBasis-DE/BKG, Google)

Berhard station

Fig. 17: Topographic map of the same area

(the interactive topo map (with Be-0 marker) is here)

Berhard station

Fig. 18: Satellite image of the same area - zoomed-in


Berhard station

Fig. 19: Concrete slab of ca. 6.5 x 3.5 meter, only 2-3 meters outside the ring (east side, see satellite image above)

(source: © U. Stelzer; used with permission)

Berhard station

Fig. 20: Aerial photo of the same area

(source: © A. Ladenthin; used with permission)

Berhard station

Fig. 21: Remnants of the Bernhard-ring at Trebbin

(source: ©2010 Jacek Durych; used with permission)

Berhard station

Fig. 22: Every other rail tie is narrow and had a wedge-shaped block on for the inside track

(source: © U. Stelzer; used with permission)

Berhard station

Fig. 23: Two different sets of ties, with different widths; this concrete ring is only about 30 cm high

(source: © A. Ladenthin; used with permission)

Berhard station

Fig. 24: The base plates on the wide ties have a width of 16 cm, the narrow ties are about 7 cm wide

(source: © A. Ladenthin/H. Bergmann; used with permission)

Berhard station

Fig. 25: The ties are sections of I-beam, embedded into the concrete ring

(source: © A. Ladenthin/H. Bergmann; used with permission)

Berhard station

Fig. 26: Concrete foundation of the monitoring mast of Be-0 - note the raised triangular support of each mast leg

(source: ©2020 B. Saalfeld, used with permission. Coordinates: ca. 52°14'42.6"N 13°09'20.5"E)

Note that about 1300 m to the west of the ring (near the Kapellenberg hill outside Blankensee), there also is square concrete foundation of a steel truss mast:

Berhard station

Fig. 27: Concrete foundation of a steel antenna mast on Kapellenberg hill

(source: ©2017 B. Saalfeld, used with permission)

It looks similar to the standard foundation of the "Bernhard" monitoring antenna mast. However, at the top of this mast, there was a white electrical beacon light, to guide approaching aircraft at night and during bad weather conditions. This beacon was installed in the 1930s by Lufthansa ("Luft Hansa" until 1933), the German national airline. The beacon was turned on & off by the local blacksmith, as instructed by phone. Ref. 216.

Berhard station

Fig. 28: The airway beacon just northwest of Trebbin on a 1939 air navigation chart - marked by the large blue arrow

(source: ref. 258)

About 3.5 km (≈2.2 mi) east of the Telefunken Be-0 site lies the village of Großbeuthen. In a field just to the south of the village, there are remains of a round brick building, slightly larger than the one at the center of the "Bernhard" circle. It was the base of Telefunken test beacon with the code name "Haubenlerche". It was built to assess the feasibility and accuracy of a rotating HF beacon system. Tests were run during the winter of 1940, and results used in the decision to build the HF version of the Bernhard/Bernhardine system.

Haubenlerche

Fig. 29: The Telefunken "pre-"Bernhard" HF test beacon "Haubenlerche" near Großbeuten

(source photo: Fig. 35 in ref. 181)



REFERENCES

  • Ref. 2: pages from the reknowned books and other documents by Fritz Trenkle
  • Ref. 2A: "Die deutschen Funkführungsverfahren bis 1945" ["The German radio guidance systems through 1945"], Fritz Trenkle, Dr. Alfred Hüthig Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3778516477, 215 pp.
  • Ref. 2A1: p. 149 (X-Uhr / X-system clock).
  • Ref. 2A2: pp. 76-110, 224.
  • Ref. 2B: "Die deutschen Funk-Navigations- und Funk-Führungsverfahren bis 1945" ["The German radio navigation & guidance procedures through 1945"], Fritz Trenkle, Motorbuch Verlag, 1995, 208 pp., ISBN-10: 3879436150.
  • pp. 62, 94-102.
  • Ref. 2C: "Bordfunkgeräte - vom Funkensender zum Bordradar" ["On board radio equipment - from spark transmitter to radar"], Fritz Trenkle, Bernard und Graefe Verlag (publ.), 1986, 283 pp., ISBN 3-7637-5289-7. [table of contents]
  • Ref. 2C1: p. 61-63 - "Kommandoübertragungszusätze" ["Command uplink accessories"].
  • Ref. 2C2: p. 83-95 - "Eigenpeil- und Zielflug-Verfahren - LW-MW-Peil und Zielfluggeräte" ["RDF and reverse-RDF systems - LW/MW RDF & approach equipment"]
  • Ref. 2C3: pp. 97-118 - "Leitstrahl-Verfahren" ["Guidance-beam systems"].
  • Ref. 2C4: p. 108 - photo "Große Knickebein Anlage bei Kleve", ["Large Knickebein installation near Cleves"; note: incorrectly identified by Trenkle as station K4 at Kleve, instead of K2 at Bredstedt].
  • Ref. 2C5: pp. 119-133 - "Drehfunkfeuer-Verfahren - LW, KW, UKW, DMW, bis 1945" ["Rotating-beam beacon systems, Longwave"].
  • Ref. 2C6: pp. 134-140 - "Hyperbel-Navigations-Verfahren" ["Hyperbolic navigation systems"]
  • Ref. 2C7: pp. 141-150 - "Entfernungsmeß-Verfahren" ["Distance measuring systems"]
  • Ref. 2C8: pp. 198-200 - "Kenngeräte (Bord-Transponder)" [FuG 25 "Zwilling", FuG25a "Erstling"]
  • Ref. 2D: "Versuch einer Zusammenstellung deutscher Funkgeräte 1939 ... 1945 LUFTWAFFE / HEER / MARINE (ca .1200 Geräte)" ["Attempt at a compilation of German radio equipment 1939 ... 1945 Air Force / Army / Navy (ca. 1200 equipment items)"], Wolfgang "Fritz" Trenkle, Issue VI.60 (1960), 100 pp. [file size: 38 MB]. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA) Freiburg/Germany, Signatur/file nr. RL 2-V/211, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016".
  • Ref. 97: Bild 16 in "Deutsche Funkmeßtechnik 1944: ein Vortrag von Leo Brandt, gehalten am 8. Februar 1944, zur Einführung der Zentimeter-Technik für das Funkmeßgebiet", Leo Brandt, Vol. 7 of "Bücherei der Funkortung", Sonderheft [special issue], Verkehrs- und Wirtschafts-Verlag, 1956, 29 pp.
  • Ref. 101: manuscript notes of Fritz Trenkle for "Verzeichnis deutscher Bordfunkgeräte aller Art (einschl. der mit FuG-Nr. belegten akustischen und UR-Geräte) 1935-1945" and "Entwurf zu Funkgeräte Katalog Deutschland 1908-1918 und 1919-1945"
  • Ref. 179: "Votragsnotiz", draft presenter notes addressed to the General-Nachrichtenführer (Gen-Nafü), 3 September 1944, 3 pp. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA) Freiburg/Germany, (Signatur) file nr. RL 2-V/6, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016".
  • Covers original plans for geographic coverage (France, German Reich) with Bernhard stations, state of completion of the various Be-stations, status of introduction of the Bernhard/Bernhardine method for night-fighters (Nachtjagd).
  • Ref. 180: Layout of the Bernhard installation in Trebbin, based on a sketch from an eyewitness (name and date unknown); source: corporate archives of DTM Berlin, file nr. I.2.060C-07823.
  • Ref. 181: "Drehfunkfeuer System Telefunken - Teil 1: Verfahrensbeschreibung EC1-4262" [Telefunken rotating radio beacon, part 1: description of the method], Adalbert Lohmann, Berlin, October 1942, 129 pp., copy nr. 29, personal copy of Albrecht Leyn [note: this document was never printed, other than a very limited number of personal copies, individually approved by Dept. LC-4 (Technisches Amt) of the RLM; ref. 183]; source: corporate archives of DTM Berlin, part of file nr. I.2.060C-06172  [file size: 62 MB; a lower-resolution version is here, 28 MB]
  • Ref. 182: Photo of Mr. Albrecht Leyn and a Luftwaffe Lance Corporal (with SA sports badge), possibly from a FLAK unit, taken in 1942 on the Telefunken test site near Trebbin; source: corporate archives of DTM Berlin, part of file nr. I.2.060C-06172.
  • Ref. 183: "Das Drehfunkfeuer-Verfahren Bernhard und Bernhardine, System Telefunken" ["Verfahrensbeschreibung Bernhard, Bernhardine", description of the Bernhard-Bernhardine method], Adalbert Lohmann, Telefunken Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie m.b.H., Berlin-Zehlendorf, Telefunken document EC 1 4310, July 1943, 28 pp., copy nr. 11; source: corporate archives of DTM Berlin, file nr. I.2.060C-04403.
  • Ref. 210: Maps (charts) with Luftnachrichten Anlagen (Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations) from the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA) Freiburg/Germany, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016". Note: at the Archive, only free-hand photography is allowed (no tripod, etc.), under sub-obtimal lighting conditions. Also, most of the maps are large, are folded into A4-size (ca. 21x30 cm, ≈8x12 inch), and are not flat when unfolded...
  • Ref. 210A: "Funk-Navigationsanlagen im Reichsgebiet" (radio-navigation stations in the Reich), Oberkommando der Luftwaffe [OKL] - Generalnachrichtenführer 1- II. Map is dated 15 June 1944. [file size: 65 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here 12 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/8 "Ln. Anlagen (Karten)", Bandnr. 2, Teil 2 of "Anlage B, Teil 2: Ln. Anlagen verschiedener Art, Juni - Aug. 1944".
  • Bernhard stations Be-0, Be-9, B-10, Be-11, and Be-12 are marked on this map. Map size 4x5 A4-size panels.
  • Ref. 210B: "Bernhard"-Anlagen im Reichsgebiet"(radio-navigation stations in the Reich), OKL - Generalnachrichtenführer Abt. 1/ II. Map is dated 1 July 1944.  [file size: 24 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/8.
  • Bernhard stations Be-0, Be-6, Be-8 through Be-12, and Be-14 through Be-16 are marked on this map. Map size 5x2½ A4-size panels.
  • Ref. 210C: "Ln.-Anlagen Westfront" (Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations on the western front). Map is dated 30 August 1944. [file size: 22 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/8
  • Bernhard station Be-6 is marked on this map. Map size 4x3 A4-size panels.
  • Ref. 210D: "Funk-Navigationsanlagen Ost-Raum" (radio-navigation installations, eastern area), OKL Generalnachrichtenführer 1. Abt.II. Map is dated 15 June 1944. [file size: 44 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 26 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/8.
  • Map is marked with locations of Sonne, Komet, Zyklop, Egon, and Truhe stations. Map size 5x5 A4-size panels.
  • Ref. 210E: "Funk-Navigationsanlagen Westraum" (radio-navigation installations, western area), OKL - Generalnachrichtenführer 1. Abt. II. Map is dated 15 June 1944. [file size: 83 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 10 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/8.
  • Bernhard stations Be-2, Be-6, Be-8, and Be-10 are marked on this map. Map is marked with locations of Sonne, Knickebein, Komet, Zyklop, Bernhard, Truhe, Erika, Y-(Kampf), Egon (Kampf), Baldur, Peildörfer, Flugsicherungshaupstellen, and Flugsichsrungszentralen.
  • Map size 6x5 A4-sheets (WxH). Map scale is 1:2000000.
  • Ref. 210F: "Funknavigationsanlagen" (radio-navigation installations), OKL - Generalnachrichtenführer 1. Abt.II Map is dated 1 October 1944. [file size: 107 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 13 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/13.
  • Map covers Europe, from mid-Scandinavia down to mid-Italy. Map is marked with locations of Sonne, Zyklop, Egon, Truhe, Bernhard, Y-Kampf, Hermine, Knickebein, Komet, Erika, Flugsicherungs-Zentralen, Flugsicherungshauptstellen. Map size 7x4 A4-sheets (WxH). Map scale 1:200000.
  • Ref. 210G: "Flughafen-Bereichskommando (Koflug) 10/XII". Map is not dated. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 20/310.
  • Koflug 10/XII moved to Morlaix/Bretagne in July of 1940; it was dissolved in October of 1944.
  • Bernhard station Be-2 is marked on this map. Map is marked up with Korps- & Divisions-boundaries, Ln.-Anlagen, Flugwachen, Fliegerhorste, Unterstellungen, Armeekorps LXXIV & XXV; map scale 1:500000.
  • Ref. 210H: "Kommando des Flughafenbereiches 8/XII (Morlaix)" (Kdo FHB 8-XII). Map is dated 6 July 1944. [file size: 91 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 31 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 20/310.
  • Bernhard station Be-2 is marked on this map. Map covers the western half of Brittany (Bretagne). Map is marked with boundaries at Ln. Korps & Division level; Map scale 1:200000.
  • The original large single-sheet map (ca. 120x105 cm overall size) was divided into 4x5 separate map panels of ca. A4 size, that were glued onto a large sheet of thin gray canvas, and folded.
  • Ref. 210J: Map of FuMG Stellungen in Litauen [Luftwaffe radar sites in Lithuania], Oberkommando der Luftwaffe - Generalnachrichtenführer (O.K.L. Gen.Nafü), 1. Abt. (III). Map is dated 21 July 1944. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/6.
  • Flugwachkommandos, Flugmeldezentralen, Luftflottengrenzen also marked on the map. Map scale 1:2500000, Zchs.Nr. 44/46.
  • Ref. 210K: Map "Ln. Anlagen im Raume Rumänien" (Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations in Rumania]). Map is dated 25 August 1944. [file size: 25 MB].  Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/8.
  • Map is marked with locations of FuMG, Funknav. Anlagen, LVerm., Jägerleistellungen. Map size 5x2 A4-sheets (WxH).
  • Ref. 210L: Map "Ln. Anlagen im Raume Bulgarien" (Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations in Bulgaria). Map is dated 25 August 1944. [file size: 21 MB].  Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/8.
  • Map is marked with locations of FuMG, Funknav. Anlagen, LVerm., Flugsicherungshaupstellen, Jägerleistellungen. Also, 1 map panel has listing of Luftnachrichtentruppe units present in Bulgaria at that time. Map size 5x2 A4-sheets (WxH).
  • Ref. 210M: "Ln.-Anlagen im Raume Finnland - Übersichtskarte von Nord-Finnland" (Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations in Finland). [file size: 34 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 4 MB]. Map is dated 14 October 1944. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/13/K5.
  • Map is marked with locations of FuMG, Funknav. Anlagen Sonne, Kzw-Adcock, Luftparke, FMZ, S.u.J.-Stellen, Frontrep. Betriebe, LVerm., Flugsicherungshaupstellen, and Jägerdienste. Map markings include dates of explosive destruction or disassembly ("Sprengung", "Abbau"). Map size 3x2½ A4-sheets (WxH).
  • Ref. 210N: "Untitled map of northernmost Scandinavia". Map is not dated. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/13.
  • Map is marked with location of "Sonne" beacons S-20 at Andö and S-17 at Svanvik, Flugsicherungszentralen "Lofoten", "Polarmeer", nr. 11 at Kemi/Finland. Map scale 1:4000000. Map size 2x1 A4-sheets (WxH).
  • Ref. 210P: "Ln.-Anlagen Baltikum" (Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations in the Baltic area). Map is dated 18 September 1944. [file size: 24 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 3 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/13/K3.
  • Map is marked with locations of FuM, LV, and RV-Netz. Map size 2x2 A4-sheets (WxH).
  • Ref. 210Q: "Ln. Anlagen im Raume Griechenland" (Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations in Greece). Map is dated 30 August 1944 - 5 November 1944 [file size: 26 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 4 MB].
  • Map is marked with locations of FuMG, Flugsicherungszentralen, L. Verm., Luftparke, Ln. Gast., Frontrep. Betr., Rep. & Sammelstellen f. Bordfunk Geräte. Map size 4x2 (WxH) A4-sheets. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/13.
  • Ref. 210R: Map "Drahtlage Ost" (wired communication links, eastern area). Map is not dated. [file size: 21 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur RL 2-V/8.
  • Map is marked with line types (DK, Zuspannung, Heereslinie, Fernkabel, I-Kabel, LF-Kabel), LV, Schaltstellen. Scale 1:2500000.
  • Ref. 210S: "I. Flugsicherungsbezirke" (air traffic control districts), OKL. Gen.-Nafü, 1. Abt. II. Map is dated 1 October 1944. [file size: 91 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is is here, 11 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/13.
  • Colored map covers area of the southern half of Scandinavia through Greece. A seperate smal map of entire Scandinavia is attached to the back of the map (included). Map is marked with locations of Flugsicherungszentralen, Flugsicherungshauptstellen. Map scale 1:200000. Map size 5x4 (WxH) A4-sheets.
  • Ref. 210T: "I. Flugsicherungsbezirke" (air traffic control districts). Map is dated 1 October 1944. [file size: 17 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 2 MB].  Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/13.
  • Black & white map covers area of the southern half of Scandinavia through Greece. Map is marked with locations of Flugsicherungs-Hauptstellen and Flugsicherungszentralen. Map size: 3x2 (WxH) A4-sheets.
  • Ref. 210U: "Wassermann-Einsatz und -Planung" (operational and planned Wasserman sites), Zeichgs-Nr. 44/18-1-A, GKdos, OKL. Gen.-Nafü, 1. Abt. III. Map is dated 20 June 1944. [file size: 76 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 8 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/9.
  • Map covers area of northern Britain to northwestern Egypt. Map is marked with locations of Wassermann (L/M/S; operational/under construction/planned by Luftflotten, proposed by O.K.L. Gen.Nafü.), Fu.MG (nachtjagdfähig), Jagdschloß, Mammut, Freya (+ An , + An & Kuh, + Kuh & Gemse, + Fahrstuhl), Würzburg (A-D, Riese, Riese + Gema Zusatz).
  • Map size: 6x5 (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale 1:2500000.
  • Ref. 210V: "Jägermeßstellungen" (radar sites for fighter intercept guidance), Zeichgs-Nr. 44/17-2-A, GKdos, OKL. Gen.-Nafü, 1. Abt. III. Map is dated 20 June 1944. [file size: 61 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 25 MB]. Note: this map was rather poorly folded (6x5 layers) and not flat at all, which made it hard to stitch the indiviudal partial images back together. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/9.
  • Map covers area of northern Britain to northwestern Egypt. Map is marked with locations of Egon (Gerät, Gerät + AN, Gerät + A/K), Y-Stellung, Y-Gerät (operational, under construction, planned), Tagjadgenauigkeit, Nachtjagdgenauigkeit, and also boundaries of Zusatzzahlgebiete, Jagdtrapezbegrenzung.
  • Map size: 6x5 (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale 1:2500000.
  • Ref. 210W: "Flugmeldeeinsatz- und Organisationsplanung", Zeichgs-Nr. 44/20-1-A, GKdos, OKL. Gen.-Nafü, 1. Abt. III. Map is dated 20 June 1944. [file size: 63 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 26 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/9.
  • Note: this map has the same background map as ref. 210V, but with some different mark-ups. Map covers area of northern Britain to northwestern Egypt. Map is marked with locations of Wassermann (L/M/S), Fu.MG (nachtjagdfähig), Mammut, Freya (+ An , + An & Gemse, + An & Kuh, + Kuh & Gemse, + Fahrstuhl), Würzburg (A-D, Riese, Riese + Gema Zusatz), and also boundaries of Zusatzzahlgebiete, Jagdtrapezbegrenzung.
  • Map size: 6x5 (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale 1:2500000.
  • Ref. 210X: "Ln-Gerätestellungen im Landekopfraum" [Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations/sites]. Map is dated 24-June-1944. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/235 (frmr. RL 2-V/5).
  • Map is centered on Allied invasion beachheads in Normandie. Map is marked with location of LV, Fu.M.B., H-Peiler, Fu.M.G. Fu.Nav. (Y, Kn, E, Be), H.-Zug, Jägermeßstellungen, and s. & l. Funkfeuer sites. "Bernhard" stations Be-1 (Favières) and Be-4 (La Pernelle) are marked on this map.
  • Map size: ca. 4x3½ (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale 1:500000.
  • Cover letter for the above map. Letter without subject, dated 24 June 1944, addressed to Chef Luftwaffe Führungsstab. Letter reference "Gen.Nafü. 1. Abt (I), Nr. 11 004/44 g. Kdos". Letter mentions scuttling/destruction of installations, transfer of forces from the Cotentin peninsula to Cherbourg, and numbers of German forces killed or taken prisoner.
  • Ref. 210Y: "Ln.-Anlagen im Bereich der Ostfront" [Luftwaffe Signal Corps installations on the eastern front]. Map is dated 9 February 1945.  [file size: 103 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 21 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL-2-V-19.
  • Map covers area from Denmark to Hungary. Map is marked with locations of Fu.MG (1. Ordnung, Eisenbahn, mot.), Funknav.-Anlagen (Egon, Zyklop, Sonne, Truhe), LVermittlung, Jägerleitstellungen, and Flugsicherungszentralen (Nachtjagd) sites. Map markings include "Bernhard" stations Be-0, Be-12, and Be-15. On the back of the map's legend panel, the map title is repeated, but changed by hand to "Ln.-Anlagen im Bereich der Front" and "Bereich Reichsgebiet 9.2.45".
  • Map size: ca. 6x3½ (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale is not marked.
  • Ref. 210Z: "Flugsicherungseinheiten mit Nebenkarte Norwegen". Map is dated 1-Jan-1945, Gen.-Nafü 1/II.  [file size: 61 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 11 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL-2-V-19.
  • Map covers area from Scandinavia to Romania. Map is marked with location of Flugsicherungshauptstellen, abgesetzte UKW Arbeitsplätze, Flugsicherungszentralen (Fluz), and Rgt. / Abt. / Komp. sites.
  • Map size: ca. 4x3½ (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale is 1:2000000.
  • Ref. 210AA: "Flugsicherungszentralen Flugsicherungs-Hauptstellen", map covers area from The Netherlands to Hungary. Map is dated 1-January-1945, Gen.-Nafü 1/II. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL-2-V-19.
  • Map is marked with location of Flugsicherungszentralen (Fluz; Kampf & Nachtjagd), Flugsicherungs-Haupstellen, abgesetzte UKW-Arbeitsplätze.
  • Map size: ca. 4x2 (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale 1:2000000.
  • Ref. 210AB: "Drehkreuzachsen im Reichsgebiet". Map is dated 1-March-1945 with update on 22-March-1945, Gen.-Nafü.  [file size: 88 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 26 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL-2-V-19.
  • Map covers area from Denmark to Hungary. Map is marked with location of "Drehkreuzachsen" lines (permanent phone lines, with wire-pairs twisted between masts), LV, LSZ, Jägermeßstellungen, Schaltstellen, TF-Verstärker.
  • Map size: ca. 5x3½ (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale 1:1000000.
  • Ref. 210AC: "Gesamt-Drahtlage" [Complete com wire/cable map]. Map is dated 1-January-1945. [file size: 41 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 23 MB]. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL-2-V-19.
  • Map covers area from Denmark to Hungary. Map is marked with location of Drehkreuzachsen, Heereslinien, Fernkabel, Breitbandkabel, U-Kabel, LF-Kabel, LV, Schaltstellen, LSZ, Verstärkerämter, Betriebsstellen.
  • Map size: ca. 4x2 (WxH) A4-sheets. Map scale 1:2000000.
  • Ref. 210AD: "Begriffsbestimmungen" [definitions/terminology], Anlage (appendix) to "Der Reichsmarschall d. Großdeutschen Reiches und Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Lw.Fü.St./Chef NVW Nr. 10 222/44 g.Kdos.(l/I) vom 28.2.44". Dated 28 february 1944. Page 6 missing from file. Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/5.
  • Brief definition/clarifaction of the terms "Flugmeldedienst", "Flugwache" (Vollflugwache / Tagflugwache / Behelfsflugwache), "Fu.M.G.Stellung" (1. Ordung, 2. Ordnung, 3.Ordnung), Flugmeldezentrale (Stellungs-, Abschnitts-, Divisions-, Korps-, Flotten-), "Flugmelde-Bereiche" (Stellungs, - Abschnitts- (Flugmeldeabschnitt), Divisions-), "Einheiten des Flugmeldedienstes" (-Kompanie, -Abteilung-, -Regiment), "Flugmeldeauswertestelle eines Fliegerhorstes", "Florian-Netz", "Reportageverfahren", "Jägermeßdienst", "Jägermeßstellung", "Warnwache", "L.S.Warnkommando (L.S.Wako)", "L.S.Warnzentrale", "Eisenbahnflugwarnzentrale (Eflu-Wz.)", "Flugmeldposten der Flakartillerie".
  • Ref. 210AE: "Taktische Zeichen für die Neuorganization des Flugmeldedienstes, Eintragung der Geräteausstattung der Fu.M.G.-Stellung, Darstellung des Ausbauzustandes, Taktische Zeichen für die Neuorganization des Jägerleitdienstes" [map & org-chart symbology for the Luftwaffe Aircraft Reporting Service, standard equipment configuratins for radar sites, map & org-chart symbology for the reorganized Fighter Guidance Service], 1944, 6 pp.  Source: BArch-MA/BAMA file nr. (Signatur) RL 2-V/5.
  • Ref. 216: pp. 22-23 in "Chronik der alten Guts-Schmiede", Förderverein Alte Guts-Schmiede Blankensee e.V., V3, February 2012, 31 pp.
  • Ref. 220: p. 266 in the "Germany" section of "Radio Amateur Call Book Magazine", Spring 1935.
  • Ref. 244: Luftwaffe & Royal Air Force fighter intercept & control methods ("Jagdverfahren"), maps, and related topics
  • Ref. 244A: "Nachtjagd" [intro, descriptions, and evaluations], Luftwaffe document, date unknown, 18 pp. Source: German Russian Project for digitization of archives in the Russian Federation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  • Ref. 244B: "Bestimmungen über Nachtjagd" [descriptions of methods, and instructions to Flak organisation regarding night fighting], 1st Flakdivision, Berlin, 19 November 1943, 12 pp. Source: German Russian Project for digitization of archives in the Russian Federation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  • Ref. 244C: "Mosquito Nachtjagd", [specific fighter and flak tactics against incoming British "Mosquito" fighter-bombers] 1st Flakdivision, Berlin, 7 March 1944, 5 pp. Source: German Russian Project for digitization of archives in the Russian Federation. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  • Ref. 244D: "Das Y-verfahren für Tag- und Nachtjagd" ["The Y-Procedure for day and night fighter control (navigation method)"], document without reference number, author unknown, without date (but before May 1945), without place, 114 pp. The 1960s file coversheet of the Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Office for Military History) suggests that it dates to 1940/41, 114 pp. [file size: 82 MB !!!! - with reduced resolution [file size: 84 MB; good-but-lower-reslution file is here 27 MB]. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA), Signatur/file nr. RL 2-V/38, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016"..
  • Complete description of the "Y" procedure for day & night fighter control from ground plotting stations with short wave equipment. Keywords: Y-Verfahren, Y-Führung, Y-Stelle, Y-Stellung, Y-Anlage, Y-Station, Y-Einrichtung, E 16, FuG 16, Graetz-E-Mess-Gestell, Siemens-E-Mess-Gestell, Heinrich Peiler, ZVG 16, ZE ZY Zeiger, Schildkröte, PQK, S 16.
  • Ref. 244E: "Anlage 1 zu Luftflottenführungsabteilung Ia op2 Nr. 500/41 geh." [file size: 28 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 4 MB]. Map is not dated. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA), Signatur/file nr. RL 20/186/K, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016".
  • Map covers area of Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark, northern Germany incl. Berlin. Map is marked with locations of militärische Sperrgebiete, Nachtsperrgebiete, Nachtjagdgebiete, Dunkle Nachtjagdsräume.
  • Map size: 4x2 (WxH) A4-sheets. Map is low-quality blueprint copy.
  • Ref. 244F: "Einsatzbeispiel für einen Feindeinflug" (example of response to intruding enemy aircraft). Map is not dated. [file size: 84 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 10 MB]. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA), Signatur/file nr. RL 36/443.
  • Map shows ground track of enemy bomber stream arriving from Britain with target Frankfurt, intercepting fighters, timing, etc. Map includes large & detailed table of the entire nightfighter intercept process, from long-range radar detection to "kill", with step-by-step status/activity/communication at the level of Flugmeldekompanie, Nachtjagdraum, Fühlungshalter, Jagdgruppe, Flugmeldungszentrale, Fluko, and Flak; the entire sequence covers 1 hr 40 min. Map size: 4x5 (WxH) A4-sheets.
  • Ref. 244G: "Luft-Navigationskarte in Merkatorprojektion - Erweitertest Blatt Deutschland mit Jägernetz", Bodenorganisation Großraum-Nachtjagd Luftflotte Reich, July 1944. Source: Bestand/File 500, Findbuch/Index 12452, Akte/record 286 of the German-Russian Project for the Digitization of German Documents in Archives of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  • Ref. 244H: "Nederland en de Duitse Nachtjacht - Van jager tot prooi" (The Netherlands and German night fighting - from hunter to prey), W.H. Lutgert, R. de Winter, pp. 536- 545 in "Militaire Spectator", vol. 183, nr. 12, December 1994. Accessed September 2019. [pdf]
  • Ref. 244J: "Nederland en de Duitse Nachtjacht - Van jager tot prooi (Deel 2)" (The Netherlands and German night fighting - from hunter to prey - part 2), W.H. Lutgert, R. de Winter, pp. 5-17 in "Militaire Spectator", vol. 184, nr. 1, January 1995. Accessed September 2019. [pdf]
  • Ref. 244K: "De Luftwaffe en Nederland - Balans van een oorlogserfenis" (The Luftwaffe and The Netherlands - legacy of a war), W.H. Lutgert, R. de Winter, pp. 450- 459 in "Militaire Spectator", vol. 184, nr. 10, October 1995. Accessed September 2019. [pdf]
  • Ref. 244L: "Nachtjagdnavigationskarte - herausgegeben von NJG.3.-NO" [night-fighter navigation chart issued by the Nachrichten-Offizier of the no. 3 night fighter-wing, Nachtjagdgeschwader 3]. [file size: 25 MB]
  • Map is not dated. Bernhard-stations Be-0, Be-6, Be-8 through Be-12 are also marked on this map. Source: collection R. Grywatz.
  • Ref. 244M: "Tag- und Nachtjagd, 3. Jagddivision (als beispiel)".  Map is dated 29 July 1944.  [file size: 24 MB; good-but-lower-resolution file is here, 9 MB]. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA), Signatur/file nr. RL-3-1527.
  • Map covers area of The Netherlands to Heilbronn/Germany. Map is marked with location of Tagjagdstellungen and Fu.M.G. sites (1., 2., and 3. Ordnung; dunajafähig vs. nicht dunajafähig).
  • Map size ca 3x2 (WxH) sheets of size A4. Map scale 1:1.000.000
  • Ref. 244N: "Jagd-Einsatz im November 1943", Anlage 3 (appendix 3) to "Lfl.Kdo3, Führ.Abt(1)/1c No. 15684/43 Kdos". Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA), Signatur/file nr. RL-3-1527.   [file size: 19 MB].
  • Large bar graph for each day of November 1943, with total number of fighter sorties for each day, split into "day" and "night" fighter. Also: table with statistics for each day: number (with type(s) of aircraft) for each type of sortie/mission: "Alarmstart" / "Überwachung und Sperre" / "Geleitschutz" / "Begleitschutz u. Augnahme"; / "Nachtjagd" (night fighter) / "Fernjagd" (long range intercept); also: total number of sorties/missions, number of enemy kills (incl. type of enemy aircraft), own losses.
  • Size: size: ca. 3x3½ (WxH) A4-sheets.
  • Ref. 244P: "Abschüsse der Nachtjagd im Bereich Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Mitte", Anlage 2 (appendix 2). Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA Freiburg/Germany, Signatur/file nr. RL-3-1527
  • Graph with three lines: "hell" (helle Nachtjagd), "dunkel" (dunkle Nachtjagd), "kombiniert" (kombinierte Nachtjagd). Graph covers monthly statistics regarding enemy kills for the period April 1941 - March 1942.
  • Ref. 244Q: "Anzahl der voll u. bedingt (ab Juli 1941) bzw. eingeschränkt (ab Mai 1943) einsatzfähigern Besatzungen" and "Anzahl der einsatzbereiten Kampf-Flugzeuge". Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA), Signatur/file nr. RL-3-1527. [file size: 17 MB].
  • Graph with monthly statistics for the period mid-1939 - mid-1939: number of available flight crews and number of operational fighter planes), separate curves for "Tagjäger" (day fighters) and "Nachtjäger" (night fighters; from late 1940 onward).
  • Also: interesting large table with 53 key dates of the WW2, from 1 September 1939 (German invasion of Poland) through 15 August 1944 (anglo-american landing in southern France).
  • Size: ca. 1½ x3 (WxH) A4-sheets.
  • Ref. 244R: "Fighter defence of Germany - Control of fighters by the "Y" Procedure", Samuel Denys Felkin (Chief Interrogator at Bletchley), transcribed report from the British Air Ministry, Assistant Director of Intelligence (Prisoner Interrogation), A.D.I. (K) Report No. 525/1944, 14 pp. Source: The National Archives of the UK, ref. AIR40/2875 and 2876. Retrieved from www.cdvandt.org.
  • Ref. 244S: "Die Deutschen Nachtjagdverfahren" ["The German nigh fighter procedures"], Walter Grabmann, Generalmajor a.D., date unknown, 22 pp.
    [Helle Objektjagd, helle Gebietsjagd, Himmelbett, Verfolgungsnachtjagd [pursuit night], Objektjagd "Leichentuch" / "Milchglas", 1-mot Objektjagd "Wilde Sau", Fernnachtjagd [long-range night], Zusammenarbeit mit Jäger-Flak, 13 maps]. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA Freiburg/Germany, Signatur/file nr. ZA 3/402a
  • Ref. 244T: "Besprechung bei General Galland am 21.1.43" ["Meeting with Gen. Galland on 21 Jan 1943"], signed by Major Eisermann, 22 January 1943, 3 pp. [Keywords: possibility of fighter control from an aircraft carrier ("Flugzeugträger"), limitations of Freya FuMG radar for that application, proposal from Plendl to install Y-RDF system (Y-Boden-Anlage), aircraft carier to have landing beam system for fighters; the Y fighter control system (Y-Verfahren) meets its requirements but has serious practical problems due to frequency changes and exposure of the equipped lead aircraft]. Source: Bundesarchiv (BArch) Freiburg/Germany, Signatur/file nr. RL 16-3/12.
  • Ref. 244U: "Funkübermittlung der feindliche Luftlage" ["Transmission of enemy aircraft situation via radio" (reportage, running commentary)], excerpt of a report dated 22 March 1945 by Morgenstern, chef to the Generalnachrichtenführer Chief Signal Officer), 14 June 1956, 9 pp. Source: Bundesarchiv (BArch) Freiburg/Germany, Signatur/file nr. ZA 3/402b, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016".
  • Ref. 244V: "Feindreportagen" ["Running commentary on enemy aircraft"] and "Bernhard-Führung" ["Bernhard guidance"], §II and §VII, respectively, in "Nachrichtenbefehl April 1945 (Nachtjagd)", 1. Jagddivision, Nafü 3 - Nr. 2600/45, 18 March 1945, 5 pp. Source: Bestand/File 500, Findbuch/Index 12476, Akte/record 90, pages 31-36 of the German-Russian Project for the Digitization of German Documents in Archives of the Russian Federation. Retrieved November 2021.
  • Keywords: Verfolgungsnachtjagd, Führungswellen, Gruppenbefehlswellen, Geschwaderbefehlswellen UKW (Tast) Bord-Bord, Divisionsführungswellen Lgw, Kzw, UKW der 1.J.Div., Divisionsklärungswellen (Tast), Y-Linienverteilung für Aufklärer, Y-Linien für 1-mot. Nachtjagd, Mosquito-Jagd (Silber), Feindreportagen, Kennung für Fu. G 25, Rufzeichen und Rufnamen, Optische Gruppenkennung und Wellen für flg. Funkfeuer, Verschlüsselung eigener Standort- und Flughöhenangaben, Gebietsnachtjagd, Flugsicherung.
  • Ref. 245: papers about Luftwaffe transmission via radio of enemy aircraft positions.
  • Ref. 245A: "Feindreportagen" ["Running commentary on enemy aircraft"] and "Bernhard-Führung" ["Bernhard guidance"], §II and §VII, respectively, in "Nachrichtenbefehl April 1945 (Nachtjagd)", 1. Jaddivision, Nafü 3 - Nr. 2600/45, 18 March 1945, 5 pp.
  • Keywords: Verfolgungsnachtjagd, Führungswellen, Gruppenbefehlswellen, Geschwaderbefehlswellen UKW (Tast) Bord-Bord, Divisionsführungswellen Lgw, Kzw, UKW der 1.J.Div., Divisionsklärungswellen (Tast), Y-Linienverteilung für Aufklärer, Y-Linien für 1-mot. Nachtjagd, Mosquito-Jagd (Silber), Feindreportagen, Kennung für Fu. G 25, Rufzeichen und Rufnamen, Optische Gruppenkennung und Wellen für flg. Funkfeuer, Verschlüsselung eigener Standort- und Flughöhenangaben, Gebietsnachtjagd, Flugsicherung.
  • Source: Bestand/File 500, Findbuch/Index 12476, Akte/record 90, pages 31-36 of the German-Russian Project for the Digitization of German Documents in Archives of the Russian Federation. Retrieved November 2021.
  • Ref. 245B: "Funkübermittlung der feindlichen Luftlage – Auszug aus einem Bericht des Obst. Morgenstern, Chef beim Generalnachrichtenführer vom 22.3.1945" ["Radio transmission of the enemy air situation (aircraft positions) – Excerpt from a report dated 22 March 1945 of Col. Morgenstern, Chief adjoint to the lead Signal Corps General"], Gen.Nafür (1. Abt.) Nr.11 319/45 geh., 9 pp. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA) Freiburg/Germany, (Signatur) file nr. ZA 3/402, used in accordance with "Erstinformation für Ihren Besuch im Bundesarchiv in Freiburg, Stand Juni 2016".
  • Ref. 245C: "Die Bildung der Luftlage. 1935 – 1944 (Flugmeldedienst, Funkmeßdienst, Funkaufklärung)" ["The creation of (enemy) air situation (aircraft position status). 1935 – 1944 (enemy aircraft warning service, radar service, radio intelligence service)"], Obst. A.D. Greffrath, 1946, 7 pp. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA) Freiburg/Germany, (Signatur) file nr. ZA 3/402.
  • Ref. 245D: "Die Bildung der Luftlage" ["The creation of (enemy) air situation (aircraft position status)"], Gen.Maj. a.D. Walter Grabmann, no date - possibly 1946, 10 pp. Source: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BArch-MA, BAMA) Freiburg/Germany, (Signatur) file nr. ZA 3/402.
  • Ref. 247: "Air mail beacon Farmerville, Pa., Lighted by Kohler Electric Plant", cover panel of "Light for the Night Air Mail", 3 page folded sales brochure of "Kohler of Kohler - Automatic Electric Plants" of the Kohler Co. in Kohler, Wisconsin/USA. Date unknown. Source: atchistory.org. Accessed 21 July 2020.
  • Ref. 258: "BP OLEX Flieger-Navigationskarte für das Deutsche Reich" [air navigation chart that covers the entire German Reich] (also available here), "Olex" Deutsche Benzin- und Petroleum-Gesellschaft m.b.H., map reflects status of May 1939. Accessed 1 June 2020.
  • Ref. 260: "Die Friedensstadt bei Glau. Zur Geschichte eines märkischen Dorfes", Günter Nagel, pp. 227-241 in "Jahrbuch für brandenburgische Landesgeschichte", Vol. 55, 2004, 304 pp.

External links last checked: January 2019


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